Population Territory Sovereignty Government living in a defined space, a body of people, Sovereignty Government and with an organization to do this. with the power to make and enforce laws without having to check with any higher authority,

Four roles of government When each example appears, tell where it should go on the graphic organizer: Army Army Four roles of government Protect the country Keep order Help citizens Make laws

The Force Theory The force theory holds that an individual or group claims control over a territory and forces the population to submit. The state then becomes sovereign and those in control form a government.

Evolutionary Theory The evolutionary theory says that a population formed out of primitive families. The heads of these families became the government. When these families settled in one territory and claimed it as their own, they became a sovereign state.

Divine Right Theory The divine right theory holds that God created the state, making it sovereign. The government is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The population must obey their ruler.

Social Contract Theory Checkpoint: What is the Social Contract Theory? The social contract theory was developed by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau and has had the greatest influence on United States government. This theory holds that the people chose to give the state enough power to promote the well-being of everyone and that all political power comes from the will of the people. Checkpoint Answer: This theory holds that the people entered a voluntary contract with the state in which they provided it with power in exchange for the state providing safety and promoting the well-bring of the people. In this theory all political power is based upon the will of the people. 7

Social Contract Theory, cont. Social contract theory holds that the people can withhold power from an unjust government. In the political cartoon, what types of government might restrict people from “having it as good as this”? Political Cartoon Question Answer: Student answers will vary, but based on the section reading they are likely to answer a dictatorship or any form of government that does not draw its authority from the people and so can abuse or limit the rights of the people without their approval.

Purpose of Government The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution sets forth the basic purposes of America’s government. It forms “a more perfect Union” by uniting the state governments and the American people. It establishes justice by attempting to create and administer laws in a fair, reasonable, and impartial fashion.

Purpose of Government, cont. Government offers domestic tranquility, or peace at home, by providing law and order. Government provides for the nation’s defense by maintaining armed forces and safe-guarding national security.

Purpose of Government, cont. The U.S. government promotes the general welfare of citizens by providing services, such as public education, that benefit all or most people. The government helps secure the blessings of liberty by guaranteeing many individual rights and liberties. These freedoms are not absolute—you are not free to violate the liberties of others.

Purpose of Government, cont. Each generation must strive for patriotism by learning and protecting these freedoms. What does the phrase “thank your lucky stars” in the political cartoon at right refer to? Question Answer: The stars in the phrase are the stars on the flag, which represent the unity of the states in the United States, which in turn act to protect the freedoms listed on the flag itself in the cartoon.

II. Who can participate? Democracy 1. Direct democracy: people vote on all issues 2. Indirect democracy: people vote on reps. to vote on issues for them Dictatorship 1. Autocracy: one person holds all power 2. Oligarchy: small group holds all power

III. Geographic Distribution of Power Unitary government: central gov’t holds all power Federal government: power is shared by central and local governments Confederation: alliance of independent states

IV: Relationship between branches Presidential government: head of executive branch is elected independently of the legislative branch Parliamentary government: head of executive branch is selected from the legislative branch

Introduction What are the six main principles on which the Constitution is based? Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Judicial Review Federalism The Constitution embodies these key principles along with describing the basic structure of our government.

Federalism Diagram question answer: Under the Articles of Confederation, states regulated trade among themselves with disastrous results for the national economy. Having interstate trade disputes settled by the central government is an efficient and fair way of ensuring that such disputes do not cause national problems. The Constitution divides power among the State and Federal Governments.

Expressed Powers Those written in the constitution

Implied Powers—The Elastic Clause The Necessary and Proper Clause gives Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for carrying out its expressed powers, so it is said to stretch to cover many situations. implied powers are based on expressed powers. building the interstate highway system banning racial discrimination in public places. Checkpoint Answer: The clause can be “stretched” to provide a wide range of implied powers, as long as those powers can be seen as necessary to carry out the expressed powers granted by the Constitution.

Denied Powers The Constitution denies certain powers to the federal government. Freedoms given to the people—1st amendment. Not based on expressed powers. Would undermine the existence of the federal system.

Inherent Powers Every national government has certain powers, called inherent powers.. Examples: acquiring territory, defending the nation, regulating immigration, conducting diplomacy. NOTE TO TEACHERS: In this image, President George W. Bush meets with Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany at the 2007 G8 Summit.

State Reserved Powers The 10th Amendment reserves to the States all powers not given to the federal government or denied to the States. Includes the police power protect and promote public health, morals, safety, and general welfare.

Concurrent Powers Concurrent powers are shared by the federal government and State governments. They allow the federal system to function. They include all powers not exclusive to the national government or denied to the States. Local governments use these powers only with the permission of their State.