Charles Babbage Bor n Died Nationality Fields Institutions Alma mater 26 December 1791 London, England Died 18 October 1871 (aged 79) Marylebone, London, England Nationality United Kingdom Fields Mathematics, analytic philosophy, computer science Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge Alma mater Peterhouse, Cambridge Religious stance Christian

Early management concepts and influences Western expansion and the commercialization of the new territories and states. Development of the national railroad network. Creation national and urban markets. Application of new sources of power generation (electricity and the internal combustion engine) to industry and transportation. Systemic application of the natural physical sciences in business. Institutionalization of research and development in American business

An early labor contract Among the problems facing managers during the 19th century was the large number of workers needed to operate machinery, wait on customers, and keep records and books. Many managers tried to solve this problem by using tight controls and systemic coordination. Frequently, workers were bound by contracts that specified the terms of their employment, including wage rate, method of payment, and task specifications.

Systemic management Careful definition of duties and responsibilities. Standardized techniques for performing these duties. Specific means of gathering, handling, transmitting, and analyzing information. Cost accounting, wage, and production-control system to facilitate internal coordination and communications

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures Charles Babbage expands on Smith's division of labor by proposing that specialization is as relevant to mental work as it is to physical labor. Babbage, who, like Isaac Newton, was professor of mathematics at Cambridge, attempted to construct the first computer in the early nineteenth century, more than a century before the first working computer was produced. Of course, Babbage's computer was based on mechanical power rather than electronics, but it still required parts with very precise specifications. In carrying out this project, Babbage had to work with many workshops. In the process Babbage learnt a great deal about modern manufacturing.

From this division he saw three advantages: Babbage, fulfills two important requirements. First, it must "lead to the production of tangible objects." Second, labor must "create a surplus" which can be reinvested into production. From this division he saw three advantages: - the development of skills - time saving - the possibility of using specialized tools

Babbage's suggestions led to many changes in manufacturing processes. In his book Babbage offered, as an advantage to the division of labor, that the amount of skill needed to undertake a specialized task was only the skill the necessary to complete the task. Babbage analyzed and documented the manufacture of a pin and broke the process down into seven elements to illustrate his point. This study became important to employers in that they only had to pay for the amount of skill required to complete a task .