Adaptations within Environment

Adaptations Any heritable trait an organism has that helps it to survive. If an organism does not have adaptations to best fit its environment, it will die.

Human Hand Adaptation

Behavioral Adaptations

Innate Behavior “Instincts” Behaviors an animal is born with Includes Suckling (attachment for feeding) Migration (leave north to go south for warmer climate) Hibernation (during winter months) Estivation (dormancy during hot period) Photo taxis (movement toward/away from light) Chemo taxis (movement toward/away from chemical stimulus)

Learned Behaviors Habituation-learned by repetition or “habit” and there is a decrease in response to stimulus Imprinting-animal forms a social attachment to another animal at an early, critical time in their life (ex: baby duck will follow the first animal that it sees upon hatching) Classical conditioning-animal associates one type of behavior with a reward (ex: Pavlov’s dog) Trial and error-trying various responses until one is rewarded

Social Behavior Communication between individuals of the same species Can be courtship (ex: male peacock as he spreads his tail feathers to attract a mate) territorial (ex: Male Betta fish) chemical/pheromones to communicate things such as the location of food (ex: bees, ants, termites)

Structural Adaptations

Specific Cell Adaptations Euglena: -flagella (long, whip like); movement -eyespot: light sensitive (photo taxis) Amoeba: -contractile vacuole (excess water) -pseudopods (false feet) Paramecium: -cilia: short, hair like Structures used for Movement/locomotion

Transport How organisms get what they need to their cells Vascular Tissues: Xylem (water) and phloem (sugar/glucose) Example: tree Non-vascular (example: moss) do not have a xylem or phloem (no true roots and live in moist areas close to the ground) Insects, amphibians, and mammals-circulatory systems with blood vessels to transport needed materials

Excretion Amphibians and mammals- urinary system with kidneys to remove nitrogen; kidneys: regulate water balance, salt, and pH Plants-holes in their leaves called stomata that are used to excrete wastes such as oxygen produced during photosynthesis Plants lose water from stomata during transpiration

Respiration How organisms take in and release gases Plants take in and release gases through the stomata on their leaves Amphibians and mammals have lungs used for taking in oxygen. Single celled organisms such as bacteria and protist use diffusion for taking in gases

Nutrition Autotrophs/producers: make their own food through photosynthesis (ex: plants) Heterotrophs/consumers: get food from different source (ex: humans) Animals have digestive system to break down food Mammals-different teeth shapes to eat certain foods Birds- different beak shapes to eat certain foods

Reproductive

Some plants grow from seeds like plants with flowers (angiosperms) and cones (gymnosperms). Some plants grow from spores like moss and ferns. Spores do not have to be fertilized. Seed plants use pollen and ovules (eggs) during sexual reproduction. Pollen-male structure and ovule- female structure. Methods of pollination- insects, birds, mammals, wind, etc..

Reproductive Insects/amphibians go through metamorphosis (adult and young do not compete for food) Reproductive methods: Animals in the water (fish/amphibians) use external fertilization; large # of eggs fertilized at 1 time Animals such as mammals have internal fertilization 3 types: monotremes- lay eggs ex: platypus marsupials- partial development in a pouch ex: kangaroo placental- complete development inside uterus Fertilized egg=zygote