Universidad del Sagrado Corazón Professor Harry Martinez M.Ed. ING – 208 Class 2&3 Universidad del Sagrado Corazón Professor Harry Martinez M.Ed.

Reflection

Review Blog: www.phonetics4me.wordpress.com

A sound or combination of sounds that has a meaning and is spoken or written A brief remark or conversation : something that a person says An order or command

American English, British English

Phonology The science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes in a language or in two or more related languages. The phonetics and phonemics of a language at a particular time

Dialect

a :  a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language <the Doric dialect of ancient Greek> <a dialect of Chinese spoken in Hong Kong> b :  one of two or more cognate (see 1cognate 3a) languages <French and Italian are Romance dialects>

*You may use the term dialect or regiolect c :  a variety of a language used by the members of a group <such dialects as politics and advertising — Philip Howard> d :  a variety of language whose identity is fixed by a factor other than geography (as social class) <spoke a rough peasant dialect> e: manner or means of expressing oneself :  phraseology *You may use the term dialect or regiolect

Accent An accent refers to pronunciation only. An accent may be considered to be a spoken representation of a dialect because it reflects “those features of pronunciation which identify where a person is from, regionally or socially” (Crystal 2008: 3)

Idiolect Idiolect is the individual and unique use of language restricted to a single speaker. This term implies an awareness that each individual speaks in a different manner in terms of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and levels or styles of language use.

Sociolect A language variety that is defined on social grounds is called a sociolect.

Speech community A group of people who speak a certain dialect is often referred to as a speech community.

National Variety Defined as the speech of a nation, e.g. British English, American English, Australian English, Canadian English, etc. Each national variety holds its standardised language as Standard English, General American, etc.

Standard English

Example

Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation (RP) is the pronunciation that is associated with the educated, typically the middle and upper classes of the community. As with the SE dialect, RP is also identified not so much with a geographical region as with a certain social group. It has connotations of prestige and authority and is an indicator of formal speech. Various terms for RP include The Queen’s English, Public School Accent, Oxford English, BBC English, the accent of the Court, etc. All the expressions mentioned above reflect important historical and social aspects of RP.

Interesting Facts 3-5% of the UK population speaks RP today the language of the educated the most widely studied England is a place where a person’s accent still represents an important index as to the social and educational background of the speaker

RP is also a concept in phonetics RP is also a concept in phonetics. Phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries are based on this particular accent, and it serves as a standard for EFL learners in Europe.

Gimson and Cruttenden (2008) identify three main types of RP: Conservative RP, which is the most resistant to change and is characteristic of older generations. It is traditionally used by certain professions or social groups; General RP, which is commonly defined as the pronunciation adopted by the BBC and is the type most commonly in use; Advanced RP, which typifies attempts to change and is chiefly used by young people of exclusive social groups.

Wells (1982) makes a similar distinction by reducing the number to two types: Mainstream RP, which largely corresponds to general RP and is the unmarked and modern type of RP, traditionally spoken by BBC newsreaders. Upper-Crust RP, which is a more conservative and old-fashioned type of RP, mostly associated with elderly people, the upper class, or the members of the royal family.

Cockney and Estuary English Cockney is a British accent, which originated in the East End of London. It is often associated with London’s working class, and originally attributed to those who were “born within the sound of Bow Bells” (Wells 1982: 302), i.e. the bells of Saint Mary-le-Bow Church in Cheapside in London.

Global English

References Raškauskienė , A., & Kardelis, V. (2014). A COURSE IN ENGLISH PHONETICS FOR EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (2nd ed., Vol. 21). Vilniaus universiteto Filologijos fakultetas .