“Body Organization -Anatomic Terminology” Laboratory Exercise “Body Organization -Anatomic Terminology”

Anatomic Terminology In this exercise, you will understand anatomic terminology; the use of terms to describe the locations of body structures Terms describing these body points should be familiar to you: directional (bipedal-2 legs and quadrupedal-4 legs), regional, planar and cavitated This laboratory exercise correlates with Chapter 1 of your textbook.

What procedures are we doing? We will define human anatomic terms. Directional relates one structures locale to that of another. Regional identifies what area of the body a structure is found in. We will also define the different planes and cavities of the body

Resources available… Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Study Pages; submenu: anatomical terminology http://ctle.hccs.edu/biologylabs/AP1/AP1index.html

Laboratory Lecture

Anatomical Terminology Superficial anatomy provides anatomical landmarks; these are references to structures that we can touch and see (they are palpable) The commonly accepted anatomical position is with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, with the feet next to each other Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down

Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2). Supine: Lay down Face up Ipsilateral? Contralateral?

Prone: Lay down Face down Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2). Prone: Lay down Face down

Regional Terms Regional terms identify what area of the body a structure is found in (this is a references term) An important example is in the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains: Four Abdominopelvic quadrants, with Nine Abdominopelvic regions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) a Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions.

Abdominopelvic Regions. Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right inguinal region Left inguinal region b Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. Liver Stomach Gallbladder Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder c Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here.

There are many regional terms… (I have hi-lited just a few on the following pages)

Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2). Supine: Lay down Face up

Prone: Lay down Face down Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2). Prone: Lay down Face down

Directional Terms Directional terms describe where one structure is in relation to another (anatomical reference based on a subject); here are some examples… Ipsilateral means the structures are on the same side of the body Contralateral means the structures are on opposite sides of the body Intermediate means one structure is between two other structures Proximal is close to a pivot point Distal is far from the pivot point © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Contralateral? Ipsilateral? Directional Terms Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) The head is superior to the knee. Superior Right Left Cranial or Cephalic Toward the head The cranial, or cephalic, border of the pelvis is superior to the thigh. Proximal Toward an attached base The shoulder is proximal to the wrist. Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral Posterior: The back surface Anterior: The front surface Dorsal: The back. (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body) Ventral: The belly side. (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body) The scapula (shoulder blade) is located posterior to the rib cage. The umbilicus (navel) is on the anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk. Lateral Medial Away from the midline Toward the midline Proximal Caudal Distal Toward the tail; (coccyx in humans) Away from an attached base The fingers are distal to the wrist. The hips are caudal to the waist. Contralateral? Ipsilateral? OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superficial Distal At, near, or relatively close to the body surface The skin is superficial to underlying structures. Deep Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles. a Anterior view b Lateral view Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The knee is inferior to the hip. Inferior

Body Planes There are 3 anatomical planes, each with sections A Plane is a three-dimensional axis (x, y, z graph) A Section is a slice that is parallel to a plane This is used to visualize the internal organization and structure It is important in different radiological techniques MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagry) PET (Positon Emission Tomography) CT (Computerized Tomography) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary of Sectional Planes. Pronounced: “sajedl” Frontal or coronal plane Sagittal plane Plane is oriented parallel to long axis Plane is oriented parallel to long axis A sagittal section separates right and left portions. You examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittally. In a midsagittal section, the plane passes through the midline. It separates the body into equal right and left sides. A parasagittal section misses the midline. It separates the body into unequal right and left sides. A frontal, or coronal, section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull. Directional term: frontally or coronally Midsagittal plane Directional term: sagittally Transverse or horizontal plane Plane is oriented perpendicular to long axis Frontal plane A transverse, or cross, section separates superior and inferior portions of the body. Transverse plane (inferior view) Directional term: transversely or horizontally

Body Cavities There are two essential functions of body cavities They protect organs from accidental shocks They permit changes in the size and shape of internal organs (i.e. heart, lungs, etc…) The main example is the ventral body cavity, which is termed the Coelom It is composed of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity These cavities are separated by the diaphragm Another example is the dorsal body cavity, which contains the cavities of the brain and spinal cord Lastly, there is the orbital body cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk. DORSAL VENTRAL Cranial cavity Pleural cavity Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Vertebral cavity Diaphragm Peritoneal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity A lateral view showing the body cavities of the trunk. The muscular diaphragm subdivides them into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity. Four adult true body cavities are shown Only one of the two pleural thoracic cavities can be shown in a sagittal section! 21

Let’s take a closer look at the ventral body cavity… © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity • Provides protection • Allows organ movement • Linings prevent friction Subdivides during development into Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Surrounded by the chest wall and the diaphragm Peritoneal Cavity Extends throughout the abdominal cavity and into the superior portion of the pelvic cavity Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity trachea, esophagus, thymus and major vessels, and also… Surrounds right lung Surrounds left lung Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, the end of the digestive tract and the rectum Pericardial cavity Contains many digestive glands and organs Surrounds heart 23

Ventral body cavity divisions THORACIC CAVITY You can see two pleural cavities the the thorax in a coronal section pericardial cavity Heart in Right lung in right pleural cavity Left lung in left pleural cavity Spine VENTRAL BODY CAVITY Mediastinum ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY Diaphragm The abdominal cavity contains many digestive glands and organs THORACIC CAVITY Module 1.8 Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape Retroperitoneal area* Diaphragm The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last portion of the digestive tract ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY *The retroperitoneal space is an area posterior to the peritoneum and anterior to the muscular body wall. It contains the pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

Serous membranes line ventral body cavities and secrete serous fluid into the cavity They consist of two continuous layers separated by a cavity The visceral layer is an inner layer that covers the organ surface The parietal layer is an opposing outer layer that covers inner surface of body wall or chamber The cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers This cavity is filled with serous fluid (lubricant) Allows for smooth movement of the surrounded organ (i.e. heart, lung, digestive tract, etc…) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of Serous Membranes in Ventral Cavity Pericardium: Surrounds the heart Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Pleura : Surrounds each lung Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Peritoneum: Surrounds most of abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk. Visceral pericardium Heart Pericardial cavity Air space Balloon Parietal pericardium b The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed into a balloon. The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist of the hand, lies at the connection between the heart and major blood vessels. The width of the pericardial cavity is exaggerated here; normally the visceral and parietal layers are separated only by a thin layer of pericardial fluid.

Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk. ANTERIOR Pericardial cavity Heart Parietal pleura (outside) Right lung Pleural cavity (space) Left lung Visceral pleura (inside) Mediastinum Spinal cord POSTERIOR c A transverse section through the thoracic cavity, showing the central location of the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum and pericardial cavity lie between the two pleural cavities. Note that this transverse or cross- sectional view is oriented as though the observer were standing at the subject’s feet and looking toward the subject’s head. This inferior view of a transverse section is the standard presentation for clinical images. Unless otherwise noted, transverse or cross-sectional views in this text use this same orientation (see Spotlight Figure 1-10).