STATES OF MATTER COMPARE THE PARTICLES ARRANGEMENT AND TYPE OF PARTICLE MOTION ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT STATES OF MATTER.

CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE Composition of the Atmosphere The Earth's atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gases, water, and minute particles. Nitrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant gases; they make up about 99% of the atmosphere's total volume. However, there are many other gases that are present in smaller amounts. The table below lists the eleven most abundant gases by volume. Usually, water vapor is the third most abundant gas in the atmosphere though the exact amount of water vapor in the atmosphere can vary. This changing amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is one of the biggest causes of all the weather patterns seen on Earth.

CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere also plays important roles in warming the Earth and sustaining plant and animal life. Even though the processes of the atmosphere greatly determine the living conditions on the surface of the planet, these powerful phenomena generally occur within just 50 kilometers (30 miles) of the surface of the Earth. If this number is compared to the diameter of the Earth (more than 12,500 kilometers), the atmosphere is very thin, relatively speaking.

CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF THE ATMOSPHERE

How do Particle Move in SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES and PLASMA All matter is made of atoms or groups of atoms that are in constant motion which is known as the kinetic theory of matter. How much the particles move and how often they bump into each other determine the state of matter of the substance, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDZhUkp 30tE

SOLIDS Solid- substance that has a definite volume and shape. The particles in a solid are close together and do not move freely. The particles vibrate but are fixed in place. Particles in a solid are packed together to form a regular pattern.

SOLIDS HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME AND SHAPE The particles in a solid are in fixed positions and are close together. They cannot move from one part of the solid to another part. A solid cannot easily change in shape or volume.

LIQUIDS Liquid-substance that has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid. Particles are attracted to one another and are close together. Particles in a liquid are not fixed in place and can move one place to another.

LIQUIDS HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME BUT CAN CHANGE SHAPE All liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. The particles in a liquid are close together, but they are not tightly attached to one another as the particles in a solid are. Particles in liquids can slide past one another.

GAS Gas- does not have a definite volume or shape. A substance in the gaseous state has particles with the most kinetic energy of the three states. Gas particles are not as close to one another and can move easily in any direction. There is more space between gas particles than there is between particles in a liquid or a solid. The space between gas particles can increase or decrease with changes in temperature or pressure.

GASES CAN CHANGE IN VOLUME AND SHAPE Gases do not have a definite volume or shape. The particles in a gas are very far apart compared to the particles in a solid or a liquid. The amount of space between the particles in a gas can change more easily. They will spread out to fill all the space that is available.

PLASMA A FOURTH STATE OF MATTER Plasma forms when a gas becomes hot enough for the energy to remove electrons from it atoms. Plasma consist of charged atoms, or ions. At very high temperatures, electrons gain enough energy to escape from the atomic nucleus. Like a gas, a plasma lack a definite shape and volume. The particles in plasma move past each other rapidly. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVEGJZxglIg

PLASMA

STATES OF MATTER

Temperature & Particle Motion The particles that make up a substance are always in motion. The temperature of a substance measures the average energy of motion, or kinetic energy, of the particles in that substance. When the average motion of the particles of a substance decreases, the temperature of that substance decreases. Likewise, an increase in the average motion of the particles increases the temperature of the substance. For example, if a solid, room temperature object is placed in a refrigerator, the substance will lose energy and the average motion of its particles will begin to slow down. The temperature of the object will decrease. Likewise, if a solid, room temperature object is placed on a hot plate, the substance will gain energy, and the average motion of its particles will begin to speed up. The temperature of the object will increase.

MATTER-CHANGING STATES A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form of matter to another. Substance undergoes a physical change, it does not change its identity, just its appearance. To change a substance from one state to another, energy must be added or removed. A substance gains or loses energy, its temperature changes or it state changes. The two changes do not happen at the same time.

MATTER-SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS CHANGING STATES FREEZING change in state in which a liquid becomes a solid. FREEZING POINT temperature at which a liquid substance changes into a solid. Different substance have different freezing point.

MATTER-SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS CHANGING STATES MELTING change of state from a solid to a liquid. MELTING POINT temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

MATTER-LIQUIDS AND GAS CHANGING STATES VAPORIZATION process by which a liquid or a solid changes to a gas. EVAPORATION the change of state from a liquid to a gas that usually occurs at the surface of a liquid over a wide range of temperatures. BOILING A rapid change from a liquid to a gas, or vapor. change takes place throughout a liquid, not just at the surface. BOILING POINT liquid is warmed to a high enough temperature, bubbles form.

MATTER-LIQUIDS AND GAS CHANGING STATES CONDENSATION Change of state from a gas to a liquid. attraction between particles overcomes the speed of their motion, and a liquid forms.

MATTER-SOLIDS AND GASES CHANGING STATES Some solids and gases can change state without ever becoming a liquid. SUBLIMATION change from a solid state directly into a gas

MATTER-SOLIDS AND GASES CHANGING STATES DEPOSITION Is the change in state from a gas directly to a solid.

THE MOTION OF THE PARTICLES CHANGES Melting-A solid becomes a liquid.(slow to fast) Freezing-A liquid becomes a solid.(fast to slow) Boiling-A liquid becomes a gas(throughout). (slow-fast) Evaporation- A liquid becomes a gas (at the liquid’s surface). (slow to fast) Condensation-A gas becomes a liquid. (fast to slow) Sublimation-A solid becomes a gas. (slow to fast) Deposition-A gas becomes a solid.