Material Effects of Industrialization

The Factory System Putting out System is inefficient Machines are large and expensive Entrepreneurs are needed More specialization of tasks Production becomes more efficient, scheduled and disciplined Example: Josiah Wedgewood Click here for Video

Working Conditions Workers are reduced to wage earners (free labor). Skilled artisans become obsolete. Seasons are replaced by hours Luddites protest early machines/factories. Sabot = sabotage

Early SPREAD of Industrialization Great Britain Forbid the export of machinery, techniques or workers Samuel Slater smuggled himself to America in 1789 and built textile machinery from memory of his apprenticeship. Continental Europe & North America Kidnapped, bribed and smuggled workers and information Got drunks and other second rate specialists

Early SPREAD of Industrialization Belgium Second to industrialize Made glass and weapons France Revolution slowed industrialization Napoleon helped by abolishing internal trade barriers and guilds Specialized in textiles, metallurgy and railroads Germany Bismarck favored heavy industry Huge conglomerate businesses like Krupp form United States Both capital and specialists come from Europe Specialize in iron, textiles (cotton), steamships and railroads

Industrial Capitalism Mass Production Standardization causes falling prices Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney (guns) Subdivision of Labor: Henry Ford’s conveyor system (a car every 90 minutes) Big Business Joint Stock Companies Corporation Many investors with limited liability Banks grow to meet demand

Monopolies: Unregulated Capitalism Designed to limit or eliminate competition Trusts: Vertical Monopoly: controls all aspects of production, like Standard Oil that owned the oil from the well to the pump. Horizontal Monopoly: controls one aspect of production so all companies that deal with that aspect must pay their price, like DeBeers Diamonds Cartels: Companies that work together to fix prices

Industrial Society Benefits: Inexpensive goods (washing machines, cars, clothing- underwear) Rising standard of living (food prices drop) Population growth (1000% in N. America)

Industrial Society Demographic Transition Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality Fertility drops Birth control Cost of raising children is high More children survive to adulthood Population growth slows Demographic stability is achieved (birth nearly the same as deaths)

Industrial Society Urbanization Industrial nations become predominantly urban Sewers improve sanitation Less disease like TB, cholera and typhus in areas with sewers Parks Pollution Police

Industrial Society Migration Millions to North and South America Different reasons for migration Political (Germans) Economic (Irish) Social (Jews, Catholic British) Italians returned to Italy in large numbers Over 90% of Chinese return to China

New Social Classes Slavery ends Slaves could not afford goods being produced, wage laborers spent money on goods they made Middle Class Became larger and more economically and politically powerful than privileged class Demands police forces Working Class Demands political influence, takes “Holy Mondays” attends fights and baseball

Industrial Society Family Men Women Children Gained status as wages increased Enjoyed reading books for leisure Women Worked less at home Middle class women show class by not working Middle class demand servants Careers limited to semi-professionals, give up work when married Children Must work to survive Sensational abuse 1840’s Parliamentary laws begin to address abuse