Instructional Design and Technology Erica Lange Kara Noonan Leading question: What struggles/issues have you experienced when trying to make animations/videos interesting while also instructionally relevant?

Multimedia Principle Use words and graphics rather than words alone

Selecting Graphics 1 Decorative graphics decorate the page without enhancing the lesson -Example: a photo of someone riding a bicycle in a lesson about how bicycle tire pumps work

Selecting Graphics 2 Representational graphics portray a single element Use to teach facts and concepts -Use to teach facts and concepts -Example: a photo of a bicycle tire pump with a caption, “Bicycle Tire Pump” Bicycle Tire Pump

Selecting Graphics 3 Relational graphics portray a quantitative relationship Use to teach process -Use to teach process -Example: a line graph showing the relation between years of age and the probability of being in a bicycle accident

Selecting Graphics 4 Organizational graphics depict relations among elements Use to teach facts and concepts -Use to teach facts and concepts -Example: a diagram of a bicycle pump with each part labeled

Selecting Graphics 5 Transformational graphics depict changes in an object over time Use to teach processes, procedures, and principles -Use to teach processes, procedures, and principles Example: a series of annotated frames showing the stages of how a bicycle pump works

Selecting Graphics 6 Interpretive graphics illustrate invisible relationships Use to teach concepts and principles -Use to teach concepts and principles -Example: an animation of a bicycle pump that includes small dots to show the flow of air into and out of the pump

Selecting Graphics 7 Incorporate relational, organizational, transformational, and interpretive graphics Minimize decorative and representational graphics

Activity 1 Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Decorative Picture 1 Representational Picture 2 Helium contains 2 electrons in orbit around 2 protons and some neutrons.

Activity 2 Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Relational Picture 1 Interpretive Picture 2 The earth’s supply of Helium is projected to be depleted by 2040.

Activity 3 Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Relational Picture 1 Interpretive Picture 2 Helium escapes the atmosphere because it is a lighter gas.

Activity 4 Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Representational Picture 1 Organizational Picture 2 Helium contains 2 electrons in orbit around 2 protons and some neutrons.

Activity 5 Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Which graphic best pairs with the statement for an instructional unit? Which category does each graphic belong to? Transformational Picture 1 Organizational Picture 2 When two Helium-3 atoms combine to make a Helium- 4 atom, they release 2 protons and energy.

Contiguity Principle Place corresponding words and graphics near each other on the screen Avoid simultaneous display of animations and related text Synchronize spoken words with corresponding graphics

Activity 6 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the contiguity principle. “Bad” example: http://pearson.secondavesoftware.com/SolvingRightTriangles/ “Good” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/precalculus/01020076/

Modality Principle Put words in spoken form rather than printed form whenever the graphic is the focus of the words and both are presented simultaneously

Activity 7 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the modality principle. “Bad” example: http://pearson.secondavesoftware.com/FunctionMachine/ “Good” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/precalculus/01020141/

Redundancy Principle Do not add printed text to a narrated graphic

Activity 8 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the redundancy principle. “Bad” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/precalculus/lca0203/lca0203.html “Good” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/precalculus/01020531/

Coherence Principle Exclude extraneous information such as background sound, added text, and decorative graphics Extraneous audio – background music and sound effects Extraneous text – embellishments and flowery language Extraneous graphics – decorative images

Activity 9 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the coherence principle. “Bad” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/precalculus/01020706/ Activity 1 “Bad” example: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/cmg/pmmg_mml_shared/animations/calculus/cls0502/index.html Page 4

Personalization Principle Use a conversational style and a friendly human voice Use effective on-screen coaches Works best for less experienced learners

Activity 10 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the personalization principle. Example 1 Example 2 Review the examples and discuss how they demonstrate or violate the personalization principle. “Good” example – Rebecca http://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/bca06_0102e09 “Bad” example – Mike http://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/ES4MmUjyBYd5oBaiaebNZ2ZwaKc_BEl8

References Clark, Ruth Colvin and Richard E. Mayer. E-Learning and the Science of Instruction. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2011. Print.