ARCTIC HEATING NOT DUE TO CO2! 1.CLOUDS LOW DIRECT SOLAR RADIANCE CONVECTIVE HEAT FROM TROPICS ( 2ND LAW!!) CLOUDS TRAP THIS HEAT, AND CLOUDS REDUCE RERADIATION OF IR TO ATMOSPHERE 2.COAL BURNING W/O SCRUBBERS EMIT AEROSOLS AND SOOT AEROSOLS USUALLY RELECT SUN AND LEAD TO COOLING BUT IF COATED WITH SOOT, AEROSOLS LEAD TO HEATING SOOT ALSO COATS ICE AND LEADS TO MELTING

1.MODELS PREDICT INCREASED ACIDIFICATION OCEAN ACIDIFICATION 1.MODELS PREDICT INCREASED ACIDIFICATION Caldeira et al predict 0.7 drop in pH by 2003 based on estimated drop of 0.1 from pre-industrial level 2.MEASUREMENTS SUGGEST PH VARIES HISTORICALLY Corals show past pH has been higher and lower than today Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M.E. 2003. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425: 365

Reconstructed pH history of the South China Sea Reconstructed pH history of the South China Sea. Created from Table 1 of Liu et al. (2009). Liu, Y., Liu, W., Peng, Z., Xiao, Y., Wei, G., Sun, W., He, J. Liu, G. and Chou, C.-L. 2009. Instability of seawater pH in the South China Sea during the mid-late Holocene: Evidence from boron isotopic composition of corals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73: 1264-1272.

Reconstructed pH history of Flinders Reef of the Western Coral Sea of the Southwestern Pacific. Adapted from Pelejero et al. (2005). Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., McCulloch, M.T., Marshall, J.F., Gagan, M.K., Lough, J.M. and Opdyke, B.N. 2005. Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science 309: 2204-2207.

Reconstructed pH history of Arlington Reef off the northeast coast of Australia. Wei, G., McCulloch, M.T., Mortimer, G., Deng, W. and Xie, L. 2009. Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73: 2332-2346