Unit VIIC AP United States History WORLD WAR I Unit VIIC AP United States History

Fundamental Question To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

Great War in Europe (1914-1919) Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

American Neutrality and Opinion Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914 Preserve economic prosperity American loans to Allies Opinion American Press favored Allies and criticized Central Powers Ethnic opinions based on national allegiance Isolationists Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams

The Path to War German U-Boats National Security League Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans Sussex Pledge Sussex in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seas National Security League Encouraged preparedness and heightened Americanization German unrestricted submarine warfare Russian Revolution (1917) Zimmermann Telegram (1917) German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germany April 6, 1917 by near unanimous vote

American Domestic War Effort War Agencies War Industries Board Mass production, standardization, price and supply controls National War Labor Board Representatives from labor and business arbitrated labor disputes to prevent disruptions Food Administration Committee on Public Information War propaganda agency Liberty Bonds Financial support for American war effort Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty

American Propaganda

American Domestic Insecurity Espionage Act of 1917 Prohibition of: Interfere in military operations Interfere in military recruitment Support of U.S. enemies Promote insubordination Schenk v. United States (1919) “Clear and present danger” Sedition Act of 1918 In times of war: Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, military, and flag American Protective League Private organization assisted government with surveillance and raids on suspected radicals and enemy sympathizers

American War Front Selective Service Act of 1917 Conscription of 21-31; 18-45 by 1918 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor General John J. Pershing Convoy system War Events Spring Offensive (1918) German offensive in Western theater Battle of the Marne (July-August) Hundred Days Offensive (1918) Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting Battle of the Somme (August) Battle of Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov) Armistice (11/11/1918) German capitulation Casualties 117,000 Americans 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

Spanish Flu Influenza Pandemic (1918-1920) Infected and Deaths 500 million infected 20-50 million deaths Impact and Spread Targeted healthy young adults World War I conditions Mass transportation

Minorities in World War I Women Factory jobs Military opportunities Rescinded after war except nurses Blacks Great Migration to North 400,000 served in AEF in segregated units Mexicans Agricultural and mining opportunities in Southwest and Midwest Germans Targeted as “Huns” Registration and internment

Wilson and Peace Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles “peace without victory” Self-determination League of Nations Treaty of Versailles German guilt, reparations Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification Senate Opposition Irreconcilables Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles Reservationists Henry Cabot Lodge Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement Wilson’s Public Campaign Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

Postwar America Economic Impact Demobilization Difficult transition from war economy to peace economy Recession of 1918-1919 Depression of 1920-1921 Overproduction Increased labor force Fed raised interest rates Government decreased spending

Postwar America Labor Unions and Strikes Union Membership Expanded with government support during WWI AFL reached 4 million by 1920 Strikes of 1919 Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike Coal Strike Anti-union sentiment increases Association with radicals

Postwar America Race Riots Red Summer of 1919 Three dozen cities experienced race riots Economic competition and First Red Scare Chicago (July-August) Blacks react to stoning of young man Omaha (September) Brutal lynching of William Brown

Postwar America First Red Scare Causes War Propaganda Russian Revolution Strikes and Riots Targets Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer Palmer Raids Deportations Public Opinion Initially, Americans and press vigorously supported raids Later, the public denounced violations of civil liberties