Biology 11 Completion Course Number: 00101 Room: B003 Duration: July 2 – August 8, 2008 Date: Monday - Friday Time: 8:30 – 11:44 (Break 10:00 – 10:25) Instructor: Mr. Pham

Class Expectations: All students must show original report card (or a letter of permission) and a valid picture ID by July 3, 2008 to be admitted to class. Students who are late more than 3 times and/or miss more than 2 days will not be allowed to continue. Quizzes are expected on a daily basis. Tests are expected at the end of each unit. There will be zero tolerance for cheating and plagiarism. Cell phones or other digital / imaging transmission devices are not permitted in class. Show respect, participate and have fun!!!

Overview Processes of Science (Chapter 1, 2) Taxonomy (Chapter 3, 16) Evolution (Chapter 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15) Ecology (Chapter 7, 8, 36, 37) Microbiology (Viruses & bacteria) (Chapter 17, 18, 19, 20) Plant Biology (Chapter 21, 22, 23) Animal Biology (Chapter 27, 28, 29)

1. Processes of Science Science Study of nature Chemistry Physics Biology - Study of matter Study of living things & their surroundings - Study of motion Living things consist of cells Unicellular (virus, bacteria) Multicellular (plants, animals) Cells reproduce (sexually / asexually) Cells grow & develop (aging / death) Cells obtain & use energy (Anabolism = plants / catabolism = animals) Respond to environment = homeostasis Biology is important in medicine, economy, agriculture, environment, etc…

Scientific method A logical sequence of events Observations / Questions (why changes?) Hypothesis (possible & testable explanation / educated guess) If....., then….., Testing / Experiment Control group: constant factors (controlled variables) Experimental group: changed factors (experimental variables) Appropriate sample size (random, no bias) Data analysis / interpretation (tables, graphs, etc…) Conclusion (support or reject hypothesis) Replication (report / journal) Theory (accepted / confirmed hypothesis)

Example 1: Why do the leaves of maple trees turn red and yellow in autumn? - If the temperature changes, then the colour of the leaves of maple trees changes. - Colour changes in maples are related to changes in temperature. Control group: spring temperature (22 ̊C) Experimental group: autumn temperature (14 ̊C) Controlled variables: same light, soil, size, time, place, chambers, etc… Experimental variable: temperature Table of green leaves over a period of 21 days Graph of number of green leaves over a period of 21 days Control: 50, 50, 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 47, 47, 47, 47 Exp: 50, 50, 50, 49, 49, 48, 48, 48, 48, 47, 47 Colder temperatures affect the colour change in maple leaves.

Example 2: Use the scientific method to complete the followings. Observation: Mosquitoes bite some people more than others. Observation: Yeast cells grow slower when the temperature is dropped from 25 ̊C to 15 ̊C Observation: Turtle eggs develop into male turtles when exposed to cold temperatures and into female turtles when exposed to warm temperatures. Observation of your own.

The Metric System (SI Unit) M K H D Main d c m μ 106 103 102 101 m 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 g L s What you want = What you have x Conversion Factor Example: 16 kg = g 155 mg = g 888 g = kg 10 cm = m 50 L = mL

Metric Conversions How many micrometers are there in 5 cm? Express 8 kg in milligrams. Convert the following. a) 3s into milliseconds b) 50.0 mL into litres c) 2 L into microlitres d) 25 kg into grams e) 3 Mm into metres f) 51 kg into milligrams The diameter of the high power field of a microscope is 0.35 mm. How big is it in μm? Your friend runs 2500 m while you run 3 km. Using km, which one of you has run a longer distance? A recipe calls for 300 mL of water. You add 0.25 L. Have you put in too much, too little, or the right amount?

Microscope Compound light microscope: More than one lens Total magnification = Number on eyepiece x Number on lens used Election microscope: Photographs of large magnification by electrons TEMs and SEMs are most commonly used Examples: Text pg 25 - 27

Organism (independently functioning living thing) Simple Complex Unicellular Multicellular Cells (basic units) Tissues (groups of cells with same functions) Organs (groups of tissues with related functions) Organ Systems (groups of organs with major functions) Ex: Nerve cells Nerve tissues Brain Nervous system Ex: Muscle cells Muscle tissues Heart Circulatory system Ex: Muscle cells Muscle tissues Heart Circulatory system

Summary Science (study of natural world) Biology (study of living things) Technology Botany Zoology Taxonomy Physiology Morphology Agriculture Plants Animals Classification Life Act. Structure Species (interbreed) Homeostasis (internal balance) Environment (surroundings) Adaptation (change to survive) Continuity (similarity) Population (all in 1 species) Community (many populations) Ecosystem (all living and non-living communities) HW: Pg. 36 July 4