Figure 1 Plasma LH concentration (mean ± SEM) in llamas after IUI of PBS (n = 6) or seminal plasma (n = 6) or after mating with an urethrostomized (n =

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Figure 1 Plasma LH concentration (mean ± SEM) in llamas after IUI of PBS (n = 6) or seminal plasma (n = 6) or after mating with an urethrostomized (n = 6) or intact male (n = 7). X Within each group denotes the first significant increase from pretreatment values (P < .001). Y Within each group represents the maximal concentration achieved after treatment (P < .01). Z Within each group represents the first significant (P < .01) decrease from the maximal LH levels achieved after treatment. *, LH levels significantly greater (P < .01) than group administered an IUI of seminal plasma; **, interval during which plasma LH values were significantly higher (P < .001) in the group administered seminal plasma than in the animals mated with an urethrostomized male or administered PBS; ***, interval during which plasma LH levels were higher in the group mated with an intact male than in the group mated with an urethrostomized male or administered PBS (P < .001). No significant differences in LH levels between females mated to a urethrostomized male or subjected to IUI of PBS were detected. Tx, treatment. From: Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):3224-3232. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1310 Endocrinology | Copyright © 2016 by the Endocrine Society

Figure 2 A, Plasma β-NGF concentration in llamas after IUI of either PBS (n = 5) or seminal plasma (n = 6) or mating with an urethrostomized (n = 5) or intact male (n = 6). *, Times at which β-NGF levels were higher in llamas receiving an IUI of seminal plasma relative to those receiving IUI of PBS or mated to an urethrostomized male (P < .05); **, interval during which plasma β-NGF values were significantly higher (P < .001) in llamas mated with intact male in relation to all other groups. Tx, treatment. B, Validation of a human ELISA β-NGF assay to quantify blood plasma β-NGF levels in llamas. The β-NGF provided in the ELISA kit was serially diluted (1:2) in either block solution (1) or in blood plasma pooled from four llamas expected to have low circulating β-NGF levels (2; because they had low LH levels). In addition, a blood plasma pool from animals expected to have high levels of β-NGF (3; because they had elevated LH values) was serially diluted (1:2) and found to display a curve parallel to that of standard β-NGF From: Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):3224-3232. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1310 Endocrinology | Copyright © 2016 by the Endocrine Society

Figure 3 Comparison of plasma LH and β-NGF concentration in llamas after IUI of either PBS (n = 5) or seminal plasma (n = 6) or after mating with an urethrostomized (n = 5) or intact male (n = 6). Interval during which plasma LH and β-NGF concentration differed from pretreatment values (P < .01). *, P < .05, **, P < .01, ***, P < .001) vs pretreatment levels. Tx, treatment. From: Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):3224-3232. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1310 Endocrinology | Copyright © 2016 by the Endocrine Society

Figure 4 Individual profiles of plasma β-NGF in female llamas receiving an IUI of either PBS or seminal plasma or mated to an urethrostomized (urethro) or intact male. The letters A, B, and C followed by a number refer to individual llamas. From: Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):3224-3232. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1310 Endocrinology | Copyright © 2016 by the Endocrine Society

Figure 5 A, Total β-NGF and LH output (mean ± SEM) 1, 2, or 3 hours after treating llamas with an IUI of PBS (n = 5) or seminal plasma (SP; n = 5), or after mating with an urethrostomized male (UM; n = 6) or intact male (IM; n = 6; mean ± SEM). A significant effect of group (P < .001), time (P < .001), and interaction (P < .001) was found for both plasma β-NGF and LH levels. *, P < .05, **, P < .01, ***, P < .001) vs groups receiving either an IUI of PBS or mated with an urethrostomized male. B, Scatterplot of the relationship that exists between plasma β-NGF levels detected during the first hour of treatment and the total LH output measured during the 3-hour study. The solid line represents the best-fit line from a regression analysis plotting total (3 h) plasma LH levels vs the first hour of plasma β-NGF levels From: Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor Endocrinology. 2016;157(8):3224-3232. doi:10.1210/en.2016-1310 Endocrinology | Copyright © 2016 by the Endocrine Society