Meso-scale Model's Results

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Meso-scale Model's Results CRTI Project # 02-0093RD Oklahoma City Meso-scale Model's Results A. Lemonsu, S. Bélair, J. Mailhot, L. Tong Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, Meteorological Research Branch Development Division

Numerical Set-up 15-km GEM Regional GEM-LAM 250 m GEM-LAM 1 km OKC Model version Res. Grid Version Integration Daytime IOP6 Nighttime IOP9 TimeStep GEM reg operational 15 km Reg. GEM320 PHY42 July 16, 0000 UTC 48 hrs July 26, 0000 UTC 36 hrs 450 s GEM/LAM 2.5 km 201x201 GEM322 PHY44 July 16, 0600 UTC 42 hrs July 26, 0600 UTC 30 hrs 60 s 1 km July 16, 1200 UTC July 26, 1200 UTC 24 hrs 30 s GEM-LAM 250 m OKC GEM-LAM 1 km GEM-LAM 2.5 km 15-km GEM Regional

Numerical Set-up Sensitivity tests: Simulation “urban”, including the Town Energy Balance (TEB) model and using a specific urban land-use land-cover classification Simulation “no-urban”, replacing OKC by grassland (ISBA) GEM-LAM 250 m OKC GEM-LAM 1 km GEM-LAM 2.5 km 15-km GEM Regional

Methodology of Evaluation Regional-scale evaluation Comparison between 2.5-km GEM/LAM outputs and operational observations in Oklahoma State: Near-surface parameters: MESONET operational network Upper-air profiles: operational soundings of Norman (South of OKC) Urban-scale evaluation Comparison between 1-km GEM/LAM outputs and Joint Urban 2003 database: Urban micro-climate inside the streets: PWIDS, SPWIDS, PNNL networks Urban boundary layer: Radars/sodars, and Soundings south and north of CBD

Regional-scale evaluation Daytime IOP6 Nighttime IOP9

Regional-scale evaluation Daytime IOP6 Altitude (m)

Regional-scale evaluation Nighttime IOP9 Altitude (m) Nocturnal Low Level Jet

Urban-scale evaluation Daytime IOP6 OKC 10 rural stations (MESONET) 13 urban stations (PWIDS)

Urban-scale evaluation Daytime IOP6 Sensitivity of the urban model to the geometric parameters: By increasing the building height, roads and walls absorb less solar radiation and air temperature inside the street-canyon decreases at daytime zbld=60 m Tcanyon TPWIDS zbld 2 8 m zbld=60 m

Urban-scale evaluation Daytime IOP6 PNNL ANL CBD Not enough vertical resolution to capture the sharp inversion at the top of the well-mixed layer Model soundings not clearly sensitive to the inclusion of TEB Large impact of the meteorology

Urban effect on daytime IOP 6 Potential temperature at z=50 m – 1600 LST urban no urban The daytime urban heat island is advected according to the mean flow

Urban effect on daytime IOP 6 Potential temperature at z=50 m – 1600 LST urban no urban 3250 2700 2150 Altitude (m AGL) 1600 1050 500 50 A City B A B The atmospheric boundary layer is slightly warmer, north-east of the city, in the urban simulation: development of an urban plume

Urban-scale evaluation Nighttime IOP9 PNNL ANL CBD Altitude (m) Quasi-neutral boundary layer at night above the city ABL warmer downwind of the city Too strong inversion near the surface in the model

Urban effect on nighttime IOP 9 Potential temperature at z=50 m – 0200 LST urban no urban

Urban effect on nighttime IOP 9 Potential temperature at z=50 m – 0200 LST urban no urban 500 Altitude (m AGL) 50 A City B A B The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced by the presence of the city

Conclusion GEM, including TEB, simulates the urban microclimate of OKC’s downtown At street level:  Positive urban heat island at night  Negative urban heat island at daytime Daytime IOP: Good performance of the model Weak impact of the cities on local dynamics Local dynamics mostly driven by larger-scale dynamics and soil conditions around the city Nighttime IOP: Good performance of the model for near-surface temperature Underestimation of the quasi-neutral boundary layer over the city Larger effect of the city on the structure of the ABL

Air Temperature Diagnostic Atmospheric model zatm Vegetated canopy ISBA Urban canopy TEB In mixed environment (including vegetation + built-up covers), the near-surface air temperature is diagnosed using: 2-m air temperature above vegetation, diagnosed from Ta and Ts (ISBA) air temperature inside the street-canyon (TEB)