L.E. Bio Theme 2 Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Life's main source of Energy Include Sugars and Starches (used in cellular respiration) Include Sugars and Starches Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – (C,H,O) The ratio of (H:O) is usually 2:1 Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), sucrose (C12H22O11) Usually end in “ose” ending Ex. glucose, fructose, sucrose

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides-Simple or Single Sugars Disaccharides-Double Sugars Polysaccharides-Starches

Monosaccharides Simple Sugars Structural Diagram -“ring shaped” Made up of only (C,H,O) A single sugar molecule. C:H:O ratio- 1:2:1 Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), galactose (C6H12O6), Structural Diagram -“ring shaped” or

Monosaccharide Draw into notes H2OH C H H H C C O H H O H H O C C H O H C6H12O6

Disaccharides Double Sugars Made up of two monosaccharide molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis. Ex. maltose (C12H22O11), sucrose (C12H22O11), \ (C12H22O11),

Dehydration Synthesis. Building up in which water is produced as a byproduct. dehydration synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis Extras *Note: There is always one less water molecule produced than the number of molecules that are being joined together. A disaccharide is made by linking two monosaccharides together. A polysaccharide is made by linking more than two monosaccharides together. Examples glucose + glucose [ 1 maltose (disaccharide) + 1 water glucose + glucose + glucose [ 1 starch (polysaccharide) + 1 water

Remember Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis (reversible reactions) Hydrolysis

Polysaccharides Starches Long chains of monosacharides (glucose) Polymers- long repeating chains Made up of three more monosaccharides molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis. Ex. See next two slides

Plant Polysaccharides Starch - Stored glucose from photosynthesis Cellulose – Composition of the cell wall. Humans cannot digest cellulose. often refer to cellulose as fiber. Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis

Animal Polysaccharides Glycogen - a polysaccharide made of glucose by animals Stored in the liver and muscle tissue. Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis

Tests for Carbohydrates Benedicts Solution or Fehlings Solution Test for Sugars starts -------------------------------------- Blue g Green g Yellow g Orange g Brick Red little sugar -------------------------------------- much sugar Iodine Test for Starch Brown ------------ Blue-Black/Purple negative ---------------------- positive

Review Monosaccharides-Simple Sugars Disaccharides-Double Sugars Polysaccharides-Starches