Derivational Affixation

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Presentation transcript:

Derivational Affixation nation N nation al ADJ nation al ize V nation al iz ation N inter nation al iz ation N

Hierarchical Structure of Derivation Adjective un Adjective Noun atic system Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 53.

What do Derivational Morphemes give us?  NEW words / different words  RELATED Meaning, BUT NOT THE SAME (happy vs. unhappy)  Maybe different grammatical category—maybe not

What do Inflectional Morphemes give us?  Same word (different tense, number, person/agreement, case) [ usually used in the syntax of the language]  Same basic meaning  No change in grammatical category

How can knowing about morphology help you?  To COMPREHEND unknown words when you encounter them  For GUESSING unknown words  To LEARN unknown / new words  To MEMORIZE OR REMEMBER them

Productive Affixes -able V+able V  ADJ -ness ADJ+ness ADJ  N -er V+er V  N un- un+ADJ ADJ  ADJ -ity ADJ+ity ADJ  N -th ADJ+th ADJ  N -en ADJ+en ADJ  V Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Types of Accidental Gaps 1. Some sound sequences OK, but not used in English (blick, slarm, krobe) 2. Some derived forms do not exist no unpossible (only impossible) 3. Some gaps / missing word in English lexicon no generic common word for BOVINE (only COW and BULL)

Accidental Derivational Gaps permit commit transmit -sion permission commission transmission -ive permissive commissive transmissive -ible permissible commissible transmissible in- impermissible (incommissible) intransmissible -al (permittal) committal transmittal -er (permissioner) commissioner (transmissioner) -er permitter committor transmitter Miller, George A. 1996. The Science of Words. New York: Scientific American Library, p. 109.

Morphological Analysis Adjective Meaning ugly very unattractive uglier more ugly ugliest most ugly pretty nice looking prettier more nice looking prettiest most nice looking tall large in height taller more tall tallest most tall Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 65.

Zulu (Morphology: Exercise 5) PREFIX NUMBER ROOT GLOSS SUFFIX CLASS um- SINGULAR aba- PLURAL -i NOUN -a VERB faz married woman -i fan boy -i zal parent -i fundis teacher / teach -i / a baz carver / carve -i / a lim farmer / farm -i / a dlal player / play -i / a fund reader / read -i / a

Chickasaw (Morphology Ex 17 or 18) a. Root morphemes 1. chaaha to be tall 2. hopoba to be hungry b. Morphemes 1. -tok past tense 2. sa- I 3. chi- you 4. — he/she c. ispokni “to be old 1. chisipokni you are old 2. sipoknitok he was old 3. hoosipokni they are old

Samoan (Morphology: Exercise 9 or 10) (1) they weave lalaga (2) they travel savavali (3) he sings pese b. Morphological rule for making third person plural from third person singular verb forms in Samoan: Reduplicate the second syllable from the end.