Aqueous metal ion reactions Click an ion to animate its reaction sequence, or click its photo link. reactions photos Fe2+ Fe2+(aq) acidity reaction Click the yellow circles for each ion’s summary. Co2+ Cu2+ Cu2+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to this index page. Fe3+ Fe3+(aq) acidity reaction Cr3+ Cr3+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the previous page viewed. Al3+ Al3+(aq) acidity reaction Acknowledgements

Fe2+ iron(II) acidity reactions precipitation Add [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) (little) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (excess) acidity reactions green precipitate (turns brown in air) NH3 (aq) (little) photo NH3 (aq) (excess) FeCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) precipitation green precipitate

Fe2+ iron(II) table acidity reactions precipitation Add [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution acidity reactions NaOH (aq) (little) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (excess) green precipitate (turns brown in air) NH3 (aq) (little) photo NH3 (aq) (excess) precipitation CO32- (aq) FeCO3 (s) green precipitate

Co2+ cobalt(II) acidity reactions ligand substitution precipitation Add [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) pink solution Co(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (little) blue precipitate (turns pink slowly and then brown in air) acidity reactions NaOH (aq) (excess) NH3 (aq) (little) [Co(NH3)6]2+ (aq) ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) pale-yellow solution (turns brown in air) precipitation CO32- (aq) CoCO3 (s) pink precipitate Cl- (aq) (conc) ligand substitution [CoCl4]2- (aq) blue solution

Co2+ cobalt(II) table acidity reactions ligand substitution Add [Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) pink solution Co(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) NaOH (aq) (little) acidity reactions blue precipitate (turns pink slowly and then brown in air) NaOH (aq) (excess) NH3 (aq) (little) [Co(NH3)6]2+ (aq) ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) pale-yellow solution (turns brown in air) CoCO3 (s) CO32- (aq) precipitation pink precipitate ligand substitution Cl- (aq) (conc) [CoCl4]2- (aq) blue solution

Cu2+ copper(II) acidity reactions ligand substitution precipitation Add [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) acidity reactions NaOH (aq) (excess) photo blue precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) ligand substitution [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) deep blue solution precipitation CO32- (aq) CuCO3 (s) blue precipitate ligand substitution [CuCl4]2- (aq) green solution Cl- (aq) (conc)

Cu2+ copper(II) table acidity reactions ligand substitution Add [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) acidity reactions NaOH (aq) (excess) blue precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) photo ligand substitution [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) deep blue solution CO32- (aq) CuCO3 (s) precipitation blue precipitate ligand substitution [CuCl4]2- (aq) Cl- (aq) (conc) green solution

Fe3+ iron(III) acidity reactions acidity reaction Add [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution NaOH (aq) (little) NaOH (aq) (excess) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) acidity reactions photo NH3 (aq) (little) brown precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) CO32- (aq) acidity reaction brown precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Fe3+ iron(III) table acidity reactions acidity reaction Add [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution acidity reactions NaOH (aq) (little) NaOH (aq) (excess) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) photo NH3 (aq) (little) brown precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) acidity reaction CO32- (aq) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) brown precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Cr3+ chromium(III) acidity reactions acidity reaction Add [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) acidity reactions green precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) photo acidity reaction [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) green solution ligand substitution NH3 (aq) (excess) [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) purple solution Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) CO32- (aq) acidity reaction green precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Cr3+ chromium(III) table Add [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution NaOH (aq) (little) acidity reactions Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) green precipitate NH3 (aq) (little) photo acidity reaction [Cr(OH)6]3- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) green solution ligand substitution [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) NH3 (aq) (excess) purple solution Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) acidity reaction CO32- (aq) green precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Al3+ aluminium(III) acidity reactions acidity reaction Add [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution NaOH (aq) (little) Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) acidity reactions white precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) photo acidity reaction [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) colourless solution Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) acidity reaction CO32- (aq) white precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Al3+ aluminium(III) table Add [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution NaOH (aq) (little) acidity reactions Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) NH3 (aq) (little) white precipitate NH3 (aq) (excess) photo acidity reaction [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) NaOH (aq) (excess) colourless solution acidity reaction Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) CO32- (aq) white precipitate and colourless bubbles of CO2 (g)

Photographs Use the button to return to the index page Fe2+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the index page Cu2+(aq) acidity reaction Fe3+(aq) acidity reaction Use the button to return to the previous page viewed Cr3+(aq) acidity reaction Al3+(aq) acidity reaction

Fe2+ iron(II) photo acidity reactions [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Fe(H2O)4(OH)2 (s) green precipitate (turns brown in air)

Cu2+ copper(II) photo acidity reactions [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) blue solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) blue precipitate

Fe3+ iron(III) photo acidity reactions [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (aq) violet solution appears orange because of hydrolysis NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Fe(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) brown precipitate

Cr3+ chromium(III) photos acidity reactions [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) red-blue solution appears green because of hydrolysis [Cu(OH)6]3- (aq) green solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) green precipitate Click for more excess NaOH (aq) Click for more …

Al3+ aluminium(III) photo acidity reactions [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]- (aq) colourless solution [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) colourless solution NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Al(H2O)3(OH)3 (s) white precipitate Click for more … excess NaOH (aq) Click for more … Click for more …