Mr. Stowinsky World History World War I Mr. Stowinsky World History

Marching Towards War Nationalism Can unify a country but cause tension among countries Fierce rivalries among Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, Russia, Italy, and France Competition for resources & markets Territorial disputes

Imperialism & Militarism European powers competed for land and colonies in Africa & Asia Militarism – the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war All European powers but Britain had large armies ready at all times

Tangled Alliances Alliances meant to keep peace instead pushed for war Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Meant to limit France’s power Russia eventually joined this alliance as well but then sided with France Germany began a massive shipbuilding program to rival Britain’s navy. Britain responded by joining France and Russia’s alliance Triple Entente – France, Russia, Britain

Crisis in the Balkans Balkans – mountainous peninsula in southeastern Europe Once part of the Ottoman Empire, the countries of Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia formed in the Balkans Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia & Herzegovina, areas that Serbia hoped to take. Tension grew between the 2 nations

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, visited Bosnia. An assassin shot him and his wife at point-blank range. Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia sent its army to the Austrian border.

Section 2 – Europe Plunges into War Russia sent its army to German borders since Germany was an Austrian ally. Germany took this as an act of war and declared war on Russia. Germany then declared war on France. Britain then declared war on Germany. Confused yet?

Nations Take Sides 1914 Central Powers – Germany & Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria join later Allies – France, Britain, & Russia Japan & Italy join later Most nations thought the war would be over in weeks

A Bloody Stalemate Western Front – deadlocked region in northern France. Neither France nor Germany could advance Schlieffen Plan – German plan to defeat France in the west and then rush east to defeat Russia Russia attacked Germany, forcing Germany to fight on two fronts

War in the Trenches Trench warfare – hiding in and fighting from trenches The Western Front had 500 miles of trenches on either side Men lived in mud. Rats and disease were common. Fresh food wasn’t available. Sleep was almost impossible No-Man’s Land – land between the two armies’ trenches

New machines of war: Machine guns Tanks Poison gas Trench warfare continued until 1916. The Germans gained 4 miles. France & Britain gained 5 miles.

The Battle on the Eastern Front Eastern Front – German/Russian border More mobile than the Western Front but still became a stalemate Russia was not industrialized yet, so supplies and food were harder to get The Russian army was pushed back into Russia World War I spilled into Africa and Asia

Section 3 – A Global Conflict War Affects the World Gallipoli Campaign – Allies’ battle strategy to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and establish a supply line to Russia The effort resulted in a stalemate. The Allies retreated

Battles in Africa and Asia Allies attacked Germany’s African and Asian colonies The British and French recruited soldiers from their colonies, particularly British India Many fought for the hope of independence, most wanted nothing to do with their rulers’ war

America Joins the Fight Unrestricted submarine warfare – German policy of sinking any ship around Britain, regardless of its country of origin Germany sank some American ships. It then promised to help Mexico “reconquer” land the US took from it. In 1917, the US entered the war and joined the Allies

War Affects the Home Front Total war – when countries devote all their resources to the war effort Rationing – letting people buy only small amounts of items needed for the war effort Propaganda – one-sided information designed to persuade War news was censored. Anti-war movements were shut down

Women and the War Thousands of women entered the workforce, replacing men off fighting Women took on civilian jobs and worked as nurses for the military After the war, women were expected to leave the workforce but still began changing men’s perspective and expectations of women

The Allies Win the War Russia was too low on soldiers and supplies. It withdrew from the war in 1917 Vladimir Lenin – Communist leader of Russia who signed a treaty with Germany Germany focused on the Western Front, but American troops helped the Allies win Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolution forced Austria-Hungary to surrender The German people turned on their leader Armistice – agreement to stop fighting 11/11/18 – World War I ends

Legacy of the War 8.5 million dead, more than the last 300 years of warfare combined 21 million wounded Countless civilian deaths Economies were wiped out Farmland was ruined Treaties and compromises left anger and resentment

Section 4 – A Flawed Peace Paris Peace Conference – 32 countries represented Most decisions were made by representatives from 4 countries: USA – President Woodrow Wilson France – Georges Clemenceau Britain – David Lloyd George Italy – Vittorio Orlando Germany and its allies were not represented

Wilson’s Plan for Peace Fourteen Points – Wilson’s peace proposals 1-4 – end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduced national armies/navies 5 – adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples 6-13 – suggestions of border changes and new nations Self-determination – allow people to decide for themselves how they wished to be governed 14 – proposed a “general association of nations”

The Versailles Treaty The US wanted lasting peace. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and make sure it had no power The Treaty of Versailles was signed 5 years to the date of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination League of Nations – international association whose goal was world peace Germany lost its territories and had its army severely cut. It also had to pay reparations to the Allies

A Troubled Treaty Austria-Hungary became 4 countries: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia The Ottoman Empire was limited to Turkey. Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan, Syria, and Lebanon were created from their former lands Russia’s losses: Poland and Romania took Russian land Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania all became independent nations

“A Peace Built on Quicksand” USA seen as dominant world power after WWI Most Americans wanted the US to stay out of European affairs after the war Colonies that wanted independence were ignored Italy and Japan did not gain as much land as they had hoped