Classical Conditioning & Drug Effects Lesson 12
Learning & Drug-taking Behavior Learning can be maladaptive phobias obsessive/compulsive disorder Drug-taking behavior Role of learning in drug-taking Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance Operant & Classical conditioning Same rules as any acquired response ~
Associative Learning Operant learning Attempt to change environment Controlled by consequences Acquisition & maintenance Classical Conditioning (Respondent) Involuntary behavior Triggered by external events Learned “reflexes” Motivation *alters drug effects ~
Motivation Will expend energy to achieve goal Approach or Avoidance What “motivates” behavior? Physiological responses Emotional responses Cognitive response Involuntary responses Both innate & learned ~
Learning Associations Signal--Important event Based on reflexes stimulus response automatic (involuntary) After association learned… signal triggers response ~
Reflexive Behavior Unconditional Stimulus (US) Biologically important Survival value Unconditional Response (UR) Reflexive response Automatic ~
Learned Behavior Conditional stimuli (CS) Initially neutral Becomes a signal/cue Conditional Response (CR) Learned response Elicited by CS ~
Classical Conditioning CS US UR TONE FOOD SALIVATION
After Classical Conditioning CS only Conditional Response Tone Salivation
Drugs & Classical Conditioning Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) Homogenic or heterogenic? ~
Drugs & Classical Conditioning Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) Homogenic or heterogenic? ~
Conditioned Withdrawal Opiate addicts Naloxone withdrawal CS: contextual cues syringe, sounds, location, etc. ~
Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts Syringe Conditional Stimulus Naloxone Unconditional Stimulus Withdrawal Unconditional Response
Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts Conditional Stimulus Syringe Withdrawal Conditional Response
Learning & Drug-taking Behavior Learning can be maladaptive phobias obsessive/compulsive disorder Drug-taking behavior Role of learning in drug-taking Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance Operant & Classical conditioning Same rules as any acquired response ~
Drugs & Classical Conditioning Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) *Homogenic or heterogenic? ~
Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts Syringe Conditional Stimulus Naloxone Unconditional Stimulus Withdrawal Unconditional Response Withdrawal Conditional Response
Conditioned Drug Responses Same laws of any learned behavior Acquisition Gradual & relatively permanent Extinction Spontaneous recovery Disinhibition Renewal effect Reacquisition ~
Recovery of Extinguished Response Spontaneous Recovery just passage of time Disinhibition CS in new context Renewal Effect Extinction in different context than acquisition Reacquisition CR re-established in fewer trials ~
What does it all mean? Demonstrate association intact CR is inhibited Spontaneous recovery & Disinhibition Might trigger relapse Reacquisition Craving / habit reestablished quickly Operant conditioning Same phenomena ~
CERs & Motivation Emotional component to URs Associated with contextual cues CS+ / CS- CER CERs often motivate behaviors including drug-taking Hedonism / Self-medication Lead to reinforcement ~
CER (affect) CS+ Positive Negative CS- Negative Positive Appetitive Aversive US
Heterogenic Conditioned Drug Responses Insulin = US Hypoglycemia = UR CS = peppermint odor CS alone measure CR = ? Hyperglycemia! Opponent processes Also role in associative tolerance ~
Heterogenic Conditioned Drug Responses odor Conditional Stimulus US UR Insulin hypoglycemia hyperglycemia Conditional Response
Learning & Drug Tolerance Shepard Siegel (1975) Associative Drug Tolerance Classically Conditioned Response Opponent process theory ~
Overall response Typical drug effects function of time Physiological disturbance A process Compensatory response B process Back to baseline set point ~
Overall response A process + B process Hi euphoria set point Lo Time
Drug Effects & Compensatory Response Hi A process = UR B process euphoria baseline Lo Time
Observed Response A process = UR homeostatic disturbance Observed Response = A + B processes Net effects Environmental cues become CS injection ~
Associative Tolerance Compensatory response becomes conditioned Starts sooner more efficient Present CS only B process only CR is opposite to UR ~
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance Hi A process = UR euphoria baseline B process Lo Time
Paradoxical Opiate Overdose Death from respiratory depression lower than usual dose? Siegal (1975) Associative tolerance ~
Associative Tolerance Give rats morphine in white box depresses respiration repeated morphine tolerance drug respiration Opponent process compensatory response B process = increased respiration ~
Group 1 hi dose in white box same effects on respiration Phase 1 Tolerance Test Group 1 Group 2 Test Group 1 hi dose in white box same effects on respiration Group 2 hi dose in black box death ~
“Overdose” death Why? No Conditioned response (CR) No CS (white box) Same as getting much larger dose ~
Opponent Process Theory Potential Explanation For... CR opposite to UR Heterogenic CR Tolerance Paradoxical Heroin OD Conditioned drug withdrawal craving & drug seeking relapse ~
Classical Conditioning... CR similar to UR Homogenic CR *Sensitization Context-dependent Placebo Effects LSD Flashback Acquisition of Drug Paraphernalia “Needle Freaks” ~