Technology and the Emerging Global Order Industrial Revolution Objective: Examine the causes and effects of industrialization and cite its major costs and benefits. Technology and the Emerging Global Order Industrial Revolution

Started in Great Britain Factors Food: increase in agricultural production Population: pool of available labor Money (capital) & entrepreneurs Resources: water, coal, iron Markets: domestic & empire

Started in Great Britain continued.... Textile production – from cottage industry to factories Technological advances – flying shuttle & spinning jenny Switch to water power James Watt improved steam engine Mill locations no longer tied to water Production soared Factories brought new labor systems – division of labor

Cottage Industry

Athenian Loom

Shuttles

Spinning Jenny

Water Powered Mill

Steam Engine

Spread of industrialization Europe – Belgium, France, & the German states United States – a large country with big needs Eli Whitney Cotton gin Interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin, 1793

Industrialization of Europe, 1878

Social impact Growth of population & urbanization Tenements – squalid apartment buildings Pitiful living conditions in cities – prompted calls for reform Entrepreneur – undertook risks to operate new ventures

Tenements

Urban Tenement

Urban Tenements

Social impact continued…1 Industrial middle class – the bourgeoisie prospered Industrial working class – long hours & unsafe conditions; child labor Luddites – English textile workers destroyed machines

Children had been an important part of the family economy in preindustrial times working in fields or at home. In the Industrial Revolution, however, child labor was exploited.

Luddites Destroying a Textile Machine

Social impact continued…2 Socialism – government owns factories & utilities Karl Marx – German socialist; Communist Manifesto, 1848 Frederich Engels – collaborated with Marx Robert Owen – Welsh Utopian Socialist; New Harmony

Karl Marx Karl Marx

Robert Owen – Welsh Utopian Socialist 1771 – 1858

People were the product of their environment Opposed religion Owen’s Three Pillars People were the product of their environment Opposed religion Supported the cottage system

New Harmony, Indiana, 1826

Social impact continued…2 Rise of socialist political parties & labor unions Collective bargaining – agreement between employer and union Business cycles – prosperity & depression

Business Cycle

New products – steel, electricity, petroleum 2nd Industrial Revolution – material growth built on 1st Industrial Revolution New products – steel, electricity, petroleum Light bulb; telephone; radio Streetcars, subways, internal combustion engines, Automobiles; Henry Ford & mass production Steamship & railroad made possible a true global economy

Carnegie Steel Homestead Works

Thomas Edison & Light Bulb

Alexander Graham Bell & 1st Telephone

Internal Combustion Engine Model T, 1914