Integrated measures in agriculture to reduce ammonia emissions Contract No 070501/2005/422822/MAR/C1

Consortium Alterra, Wageningen University & Research, NL 16/06/2018 Alterra, Wageningen University & Research, NL EuroCare, University of Bonn, Germany Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, NL Subcontractors UBA-W, Austria CEH-Edinburgh, UK MNP, NL ECN, NL IMUZ, Poland NEIKER, Spain The model is based on the model presented by JRC Modifications: Fieldnames more consistant Simplifications: no tables with statistics (e.g. Trends), all measurements in one table We make use of 1 Unique code for each monitoring station Country code- Nuts code- nat station ID:

Objectives 16/06/2018 ….to define the most appropriate integrated and consistent actions to reduce environmental impacts from agriculture… Tasks Develop an integrated approach: MITERRA-EUROPE Analysis of International and European Instruments In depth assessment of the most promising measures Impact assessment of a possible modification of the IPPC directive (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) Stakeholder consultation, presentations, workshop The model is based on the model presented by JRC Modifications: Fieldnames more consistant Simplifications: no tables with statistics (e.g. Trends), all measurements in one table We make use of 1 Unique code for each monitoring station Country code- Nuts code- nat station ID:

Task 1 Aim: to develop and apply a simple model (MITERRA-EUROPE) to assess the impact of ammonia measures on nitrate leaching Implementation NEC Directive, IPPC Directive, Gothenborg protocol the impact of nitrate measures on ammonia emission Partial and full implementation of Nitrate Directive Implementation Water Frame Work Directive including the effects on nitrous oxide, methane, and NOx

Agriculture and nitrogen: what goes in must come out 16/06/2018 Hole in the pipe

Overview of instruments analyzed in task 2 16/06/2018 Nitrates Directive / Water framework Directive CLRTAP –protocols / NEC Directive/ IPCC Directive Birds and Habitat Directives CAP reform and cross compliance UNFCC/IPCC/Kyoto-protocol Rural Development Animal Welfare National instruments

Categorizing of policies & measures in task 2 16/06/2018 Abatement of emissions of N species Risks of pollution swapping: antagonistic effects possible Control of N input Synergistic effects possible Spatial zoning Complex; both, antagonistic and synergistic effects possible

MITERRA-EUROPE 16/06/2018 Modelling tool to assess interactions between environmental policies in EU-25+: Activity data: Eurostat and CAPRI NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions: following RAINS/GAINS Nitrate leaching; newly developed, using Corine land use and JRC soil data Spatial scales Country level Nuts 2 level Nitrate Vulnerable Zones

MITERRA-EUROPE Calculates ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from housing, grazing, manure storage and soils Calculates nitrogen leaching and surface runoff from manure storage and soils Includes measures to mitigate ammonia and nitrate emissions 25 EU Member States, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia

Assessing effects of policies and measures Activity data: Cropped area Fertilizer input Yield + nutrient content Number of animals Animal diet Animal productivity Partitioning of nutrient losses: Atmosphere (NH3, NO, N2O, N2) Groundwater Surface waters Storage in soil Law of mass conservation: Total input = total output

Leaching factors based on environmental data N accumulation and mineralisation Temperature, land-use, organic C content, nitrogen surplus Surface-runoff Slope, land-use, precipitation surplus, depth to rock, application rate manure and fertilizer Leaching from rooting zone Precipitations surplus, soil texture, land-use, rooting depth, temperature, soil organic C content, nitrogen surplus

Leaching fractions

Characterization of measures of Nitrates Directive 16/06/2018 Spatial zoning of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones Abatement of NO3 leaching with specific measures Control of N input via manure + fertilizer

Bufferzones: based on surface water maps Poland

Measures to mitigate ammonia emissions (CLRTAP) Low Nitrogen Fodder (dietary changes) Stable Adaptation by improved design and floor construction Covered Manure Storage Biofiltration (air purification) Low Ammonia Application of Manure Substitution of urea with ammonium nitrate Incineration of poultry manure

Measures to decrease nitrogen leaching (ND) balanced N fertilizer application maximum manure N application rate no fertilizer and manure application in winter and wet periods limitation to fertilizer application on steeply sloping grounds manure storage with minimum risk on runoff and seepage appropriate fertilizer and manure application techniques growing winter crops bufferstrips near water courses

Measures to ecological status of waters (WFD Selection of measure from Nitrate Directive Limits to phosphorus fertilization

Country specific approaches On the basis of expert judgement, specific measures in Action Programmes are translated into MITERRA-input Effectiveness of measures based on literature data + expert judgement

Average change on EU level (in %) at full implementation – (Preliminary) ! PRELIMINARY RESULTS !

NH3 emission

Effect of NO3 measures on NH3 emission

Effect of NH3 measures on NO3 leaching White areas means no data yet

Conclusions Miterra-Europe assesses interactions between EU environmental policies N mitigation measures without limiting N input harbour the risk of pollution swapping Ammonia abatement measures of CLRTAP seem to have larger effects on N leaching than (vice versa) measures of ND have on NH3 emissions.

16/06/2018 Questions? © Wageningen UR

NO3 leaching

Categorizing of policies & measures 16/06/2018 Abatement of emissions of N species Risks of pollution swapping Control of N input Synergistic effects possible Spatial zoning Complex; both, antagonistic and synergistic effects possible

Categorizing measures of Nitrates Directive 16/06/2018 Spatial zoning of Nitrate vulnerable zones Control of N input via animal manure (+ N fertilizer) Abatement of emissions of NO3 leaching

Categorizing measures of CLRTAP / NEC / IPPC 16/06/2018 Abatement of emissions of NH3 (and other N species) Control of N input via animal feed Integrated approach and flexibility of IPPC may include spatial zoning