Conflict and Diversity in the Colonies 2b. Colonization: 1754 - 1800 Conflict and Diversity in the Colonies

Conflicts Native, European, African Cultures Reading Assignment: Pontiacs Conspiracy Chickasaw Wars King Philip’s War Pueblo Revolt Wool Act Molasses Act Mercantilism

Competition Over Resources Led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians. Conflicts between the major powers of Europe (French, Dutch, British and Spanish) resulted in continuing political instability The European nations competed in North America, their colonies focused on gaining new sources of labor and on producing and acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe.

Colonies and European Have Different Aims The leaders in Europe often differed from the opinions of the citizens in their colonial holdings. A growing mistrust developed on both sides of the Atlantic. Settlers (especially the English) expressed dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense , and other issues. As Great Britain continued to stress mercantilism, the colonists began to resist British demands.

Relationships with American Indians Spanish and French continued to develop working relationships with the natives. However, the British colonies continued to try to enforce their “world view” on land and gender roles. Natives believed that land could not be owned by individuals Natives identified women as the head of the family and their roles differed greatly from native women. By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.

Reading Assignment: Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular Trade Middle Passage Stono Rebellion

Trade Between Continents Continued to expand Trading vessels sailed from North America to Europe to Africa and back to North America again.

Triangular Trade British slave trade is an important aspect of the Atlantic trading system. Middle passage was the most brutal

Treatment of Slaves Varied by Regions Higher the percentage, the more brutal the treatment. As slave population increases, becomes the major labor source.

Reading Assignment Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 John Locke House of Burgesses Importance of Printing Press Casta system Mulatto Metis John Zenger Proclamation of 1763 French and Indian War

Reasons for the Anglicization of the British Colonies Growth of autonomous political communities based on English models. (Virginia House of Burgesses) Development of commercial ties and legal structures The emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture (Printing Press) Protestant evangelism (Great Awakening) Religious toleration (Maryland Act of Toleration) Spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (John Locke) Freedom of the Press (John Zenger)

Racism The presence of slavery and the impact of colonial wars stimulated the growth of ideas on race in this Atlantic system; leading to the emergence of racial stereotyping and the development of strict racial categories among British colonists, which contrasted with Spanish and French Acceptance of racial gradations.

French and Indian War Called the Seven Years War in Europe Fourth in a series of wars between European powers spreading over 100 years. This war was between the French and Indians on one side and the British and Colonists on the other.

Consequences of French and Indian War A shared colonial experience that taught the colonists how to work together to achieve a goal. Resulted in a huge debt for Britain King George III was out of money and turned to the colonies to refill his treasury. Led to more intense pressure on the colonists. Proclamation of 1763 limited colonial expansion and angered citizens.

Great Awakening Colonial counter to the Age of Enlightenment Evangelistic uprising of new religious dedication Led to the creation of a number of new religious sects. Happened only in colonies (not in Europe) First uniquely American experience.

Results of Great Awakening Created more religious diversity and tolerance Shared experience led to the unification of the colonies Heightened reliance on personal faith lessened the influence of the ministers. As the colonists relied less on religious leaders, their individualism affected their faith in political leaders. They came to the realization that they could fight against political powers.

Terms Enlightenment Deism Great Awakening Pontiac’s Conspiracy (Rebellion) George Whitefield Albany Plan of Union Dominion of New England Navigation Acts Wool Act Molasses Act

British Colonies Regional distinctiveness among the British colonies diminished over time. Developed largely similar patterns of culture, laws, institutions, and governance Still within the British imperial system

Salutary Neglect Ends The period of British non interest in the American colonies is over. Mercantilism becomes the dominant theme British attempts to control the colonies meets with increasing resistance.

Resistance to Imperial Control Drew from the experiences of the colonists during the first half of the 18th century Experiences of self-government Evolving local ideas of liberty Political thought of the Enlightenment Greater religious independence and diversity as a result of the Great Awakening. An ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. The resistance would lead to the American Revolution