MOTIVATION & EMOTION CH 11 & 13 6-8% OF EXAM

MOTIVATION & EMOTION

HUNGRY? What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry even though you ate recently? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated. If you haven’t eaten recently you were probably physiologically motivated.

Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal Crash Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8

Basic Components of Motivation Motivation = the drive to begin or maintain behavior Motive = stimulus moves person toward behavior/goal Need = lack of something one requires Drive = force that pushes a person to act Incentive= force that pulls person toward particular behavior

Achievement Motivation Intrinsic = incentive to perform behavior for self- satisfaction Extrinsic = incentive to perform for external reward or to avoid punishment

Instinct Theory we are motivated by our innate, unlearned behaviors “Evolutionary programming” only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory behavior = motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS to maintain homeostasis (organism’s tendency to maintain a balanced state) When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary drive = unlearned, to satisfy basic needs (food) Secondary drive = learned, but may be attached to primary ($ to buy food)

Arousal Theory Arousal = to incite to action primary need = to seek an optimum level of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law Low arousal = lethargic/perform badly Arousal increase = performance increases Too much arousal = decrease performance

Humanistic Theory Proposed by Maslow Humans have needs beyond those of survival and reducing drives Need to do something important with one’s life = as important as basic biological needs Must satisfy lower needs FIRST

HUNGER as Motivation

Biological Basis of Hunger Hunger signals come from our Brain What part of the brain? The Hypothalamus = like a thermostat

Hunger and the Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. If lesioned (destroyed) one will never be hungry again  Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. If lesioned one will never feel full again. 

External Vs Internal Hunger Factors Hypothalamus (chemicals released in brain) Basal metabolic rate (rate of burning food) Body set point (weight loss or gain) Taste sensation (taste buds react to food) External Stress Eating habits (breakfast, lunch, dinner) Food-related cues (eating dessert even if full) Presence of eating cues (time of day)

Sexual Motivation Sex is natural = allows for reproduction of a species = Without sex, none of us would be here! Chemistry = chemicals in body trigger emotions associated with sex drive Sex = A primary need for procreation Can be a secondary need associated with Maslow’s hierarchy

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict = 2 desirable choices avoidance-avoidance conflict = 2 undesirable choices approach-avoidance conflict = a single events has positive and negative aspects multiple approach-avoidance conflicts = 2 or more options have positive & negative aspects

Approach/Approach Conflict individual is faced with the necessity of making a choice between two (or more) desirable goals EX: "Shall I fly or drive to Vegas for the weekend?" least stressful situation

Avoidance/Avoidance Conflict individual is faced with two goals, both of which are negative EX: "Either you do your homework or you go to bed without dinner.“

Approach/Avoidance Conflict individual is both attracted and repelled by the same goal which has qualities that make the individual want to approach it and other qualities that make him want to avoid it EX:  tempted to eat a certain food but know from experience that it gives you the heartburn

Multiple (Double) Approach/Avoidance Conflicts In real life, the individual frequently is faced with having to choose between two (or more) goals, each of which has both attracting and repelling aspects. EX: Choosing a house in the country = fresh air, room to live, peace and quiet. It also means many hours of commuting to work in heavy traffic and long distances from city amenities and cultural events Choosing to live in the city = problems and the advantages of city life 

EMOTIONS Emotion is a relatively brief reaction to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

The Motivation & Emotion Connection Motivation = source of our behavior Emotion = feelings associated with our behavior Emotions can function as motivation Hit someone because you are angry Do something because it makes you happy

Four Components of Emotion Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat) Experience a feeling (fear, terror, excitement) Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change) Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)

Emotions and the Brain Do facial expressions activity :-) Function = communicate emotion to others Paul Ekman some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) can hide true emotions identified six emotions associated with universal facial expressions (30 yr study)

Culturally Universal Expressions A = happiness B = surprise C = fear D = sadness E = anger F = disgust

Physiological Theories of Emotion Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body EX = fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

Examples of Emotion and Physiology Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Dries Slows Activates secretion of stress EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Cognitive Theories of Emotion Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together

James-LangeTheory of Emotion= I see a bear, my muscles tense, I feel afraid! Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (react and then label) Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion = I see a bear, I feel afraid and my muscles tense! Sympathetic NS too slow to account for the speed of emotional reactions = problem with James- Lange. Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion = I feel nervous Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion = I feel nervous. I must be scared! Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal Then label the feeling

Tony Robbins: Why We Do What We Do Take notes on his 6 human needs http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/tony_robbins_asks_ why_we_do_what_we_do.html