Organic Chemistry

Key Concepts and Vocabulary What does organic mean? What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules? What do the 4 major macromolecules do? What makes up the 4 major macromolecules? Vocabulary: Organic Monomer Polymer

Introduction The most abundant elements in living cells are CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS. What are the chemical formulas for these elements? Any compound that contains CARBON is called an ORGANIC COMPOUND.

Macromolecules Macromolecules - large organic molecules made of many joined polymers. Four Major Groups of Macromolecules: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Building Macromolecules Organic molecules can be very large (100-1000 atoms) Most organic molecules are made of small subunits or blocks called monomers. Monomers link together with covalent bonds to form long chains called polymers.

Polymer Monomer Monomer Monomer

Building Organic Molecules Dehydration synthesis - monomers are bonded together to form polymers and water is removed from the compounds. Hydrolysis - a water molecule splits a polymer apart into individual monomers.

Carbohydrates Function - energy source, energy storage, and a structural material Always end in –ose

Examples of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – monomer of carbohydrates Ex. glucose, fructose Disaccharides - made of two monosaccharides Ex. sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides – large polymers made of many monosaccharides Ex. starch and cellulose Starch is used for energy storage in plants Cellulose functions as support in plants.

Lipids Function - energy storage and insulation Don’t dissolve in water Glycerol and Fatty acids - monomers of lipids

Examples of Lipids Saturated fats - solid at room temperature Ex. butter Unsaturated fats - liquid at room temperature Ex. oil Phospholipids - function in cell membranes Steroids - function as hormones

Proteins Function - structural support, transport, hormones, movement (muscle), antibodies, and enzymes. Amino acids - monomers of proteins. Peptide bond - special bonds that hold amino acids together. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides.

Examples of Proteins Actin, myosin, and trypsin - contract muscles causing movement. Hemoglobin and myoglobin - transport oxygen in the body. Amylase, lipase, and lactase - break down substances in the body. (Enzymes) Gamma globulin - functions in the immune system. Insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone - chemical messengers in the body. Collagen and keratin - structural materials in the body.

Nucleic Acids Function - carry genetic information Nucleotides - monomers of nucleic acids. Examples: DNA – controls cell activity, carries genetic information RNA – makes proteins