The Emergence of Modern Turkey Foundation of the Turkish Republic, Opposition and Reforms, the 1920s

The Legacy of the Empire Military Civilian Bureaucracy Finance Education

Foundation of the Turkish Republic Elections in Summer 1923 Declaration of the Republic (Oct 29, 1923) & Discussions

Opposition to the New Regime and Its Suppression Second Group >> 1924: Progressive Republican Party –PRP (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Firkasi) RPP vs. PRP Ideological differences RPP response to the challenge?

Kurdish Opposition to the New Regime 1925: Sheikh Said Rebellion & Why?

RPP vs. Others How did the RPP respond to oppositions? Suppression of the press Law on the Maintenance of Order (1925) Independence Tribunals Izmir Conspiracy (1926) How to consolidate the power in parallel to the suppression of oppositions? Reforms Centralization attempts Creation of a new homogeneous identity Breaking the links with the past

Reforms March 3, 1924 All religious Courts were closed, 1924. Abolition of the Caliphate Abolition of Seyhul Islam Ministry of Religious Affairs was terminated and A Directorate for Religious Affairs was instituted. Unification of Education. All religious Courts were closed, 1924. 1924 Constitution

Further Reforms Hat Reform, 1925 Closing of dervish convents and tombs, 1925 Swiss Civil Code, 1926 Lunar Calendar, 1926 The Speech,1927 First public Census, 1927

Alphabet changed ,1928

Further Reforms Elimination of Islam from the constitution,1928 Western measures and weights, 1931 Call for prayer was made Turkish, 1932 Ayasofya was made a museum, 1933 The metric system of weights and measurements were introduced, 1934 Law on Surnames, 1934 Women were given the right to elect and to be elected,1934 Sunday was made the weekly day of rest, 1935

1930 Free Republican Party (Serbest Fırka) FRP meeting in Izmir

1930 Menemen Incident

New Era of Social and Cultural Transformation Increasing authoritarian tendencies. Inspectorate Generals 1931 Congress of RPP Declaration of state-party unification. It defined nation / fatherland concepts Underlined the importance of shared history/common language to be a nation Accepted the 6 principles of Kemalism and they were added to constitution in ’37.

Six Principles of Kemalism Republicanism Populism Secularism Nationalism Etatism Revolutionarism

Republicanism Republicanism – Cumhuriyetçilik “Sovereignity belongs to people! Republic = Democracy?

Populism Underlines the issue of equity Hat Reform Surname Law Emancipation of women Ziya Gökalp – Social Solidarity National interests > individual, ideological interests Turkish Women Union, Masonic Lodges, Teacher Union were closed down Turkish Hearths  People’s Houses

Populism