Reference and Citation

Session objectives What constitute Plagiarism? What is citing and referencing? How to cite sources using the Harvard? How to write reference lists in the Harvard? The importance of citing and referencing?

Challenges in Academic Writing Develop a topic based on what has already been said and written but write something new and original Rely on opinions of experts and authorities on a topic but improve upon and/or disagree with those same opinions Give credit to researchers who have come before you but make your own significant contribution Fit into the discourse by building upon what you hear and read but use your own words and your own voice

Research and scholarship at university does not take place in a vacuum; is a “community” endeavor; is built upon: it evolves, Built on the values of responsibility, integrity, academic freedom, respect, critical thinking, engagement, communication, community etc.

What is citing?

Citing = Referencing = Documenting sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing, and where they come from. Everything you use in research, (books, an article from a full text database or a page from the Internet) must be cited. As I already mentioned, citing - referencing– documenting sources are mainly synonymous. But I would like to remind you that there is the difference between quotation and citation. A quotation is the authentic words, that is, the author’s identical text included within the " " marks In you paper, (especially in your literature review) please try to use paraphrasing or summarizing rather than direct quotation. When you quote or paraphrase or summarize someone - you are at the same time citing the source, that is, you briefly tell your reader where the information comes from. And a reference gives the readers details about the source so that they could easily find the source themselves if necessary. The references are typically assembled at the end of the paper or report (this section is called List of References (or Bibliography or Works Cited in some styles).

Why is properly citing sources in a research/assignment paper important? Now let me also remind you why properly citing sources is important.

REFERENCING other people’s work (ideas) is a way of: acknowledging the work of other researchers, thus, avoiding plagiarism; demonstrating the body of knowledge on which you have based your work; demonstrating the validity of your own work (novelty, etc.); and enabling other researchers to trace your sources easily and leading them on to further information. By referencing other researches’ works you: -- first of all pay tribute to people for their ideas … -- show that you are responding to this person, agreeing with that person, and adding something of your own.. -- provide evidence for your arguments and add credibility to your work by demonstrating that you have sought out and considered a variety of resources

your citations (references) will show whether your information sources are good (i.e. relevant, sufficient) for your research. Remember Your list of references (or bibliography) is in itself a valuable source of information! Your references will show the depth and scope of your research first of all to your advisor and then to other readers and [ next slide]

What is plagiarism? Use of any source of information (including electronic) without proper acknowledgement. Quoting, summarising or paraphrasing, copying and pasting without citing source. Citing sources you didn’t use. Unauthorised collaboration. “The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft”(Oxford English Dictionary, 2008)

Acts of plagiarism Submitting a paper for grading or review that you have not written on your own Copying answers or text from another classmate and submit as your own Quoting or paraphrasing from another paper without crediting the original author Proposing another author’s idea as if it were your own Fabricating references or using incorrect references Submitting someone’s else’s presentation, programme, spreadsheet , or other file with only minor alteration

Why do students plagiarise? Poor study skills (Quoting excessively, failure to use your own voice, careless paraphrasing and etc) Inability to find information Poor citation skills Lack of understanding of what constitutes plagiarism Misconception of learning as reproduction of knowledge Laziness Poor time management – leading to time constraints/pressure UZ regards plagiarism as a serious offence!

Consequences of plagiarism Hampers critical thinking There is no exercising of one’s thought process if you plagiarise Makes students disengage themselves with the assignment and cheat themselves out of the opportunity to learn The consequences can be severe The student can fail the course Having marks deducted Dismissed or deregistered from the course Loss of reputation among peers

Why should you cite other people’s work? Acknowledge the work of other writers and researchers Demonstrate your reading and research Enable others to trace your sources easily and lead them on to further information Part of the marking criteria Provide a check against plagiarism Meet copyright regulations This is what your lecturers want. And this is why you need references – to demonstrate that you have done this. A plagiarised report where the material seems to be coming only from you does not fulfil the criteria needed to pass your courses. So plagarism even deliberate or unintentional will only hold you back.

 7 7      Quiz Citation required No citation required You are quoting directly from another source Mention a fact that is commonly known Present the results of your own survey or experiment You are writing about another researcher’s theory or idea using your own words, as a paraphrase or a summary You use an image from the web You are using facts and figures from another writer to support your idea You use a diagram from a book You include some statistics that your lecturer has given you in a lecture 19 August 2009  7 7     

Plagiarism detection tools There are online plagiarism detection tools Examples Plagium Grammarly Turnitin – commercial Google**

Writing a dissertation, thesis, article, essay To support your arguments and provide ideas: Read widely and analyse the work of others. Use as many sources as you can (books, journals, newspapers, reports, web etc.) Read at an appropriate academic level. Use good quality sources.

Referencing in Context Book Your Project Evidence to support your own ideas or arguments Paraphrase Direct Quote Acknowledge Sources Used Briefly in your text and/or In full at the end Research, read and make notes Journal Article Web Page

What is citing and referencing? In your assignments you must demonstrate that you have used relevant, good quality sources by: providing in-text citations in the body of your work AND a reference list/bibliography at the end of your work

Citation and Referencing Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you use a quote or incorporate an idea you have picked up from another source (in-text citation) Reference Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or sometimes at the bottom of each page, and gives full details of the source of your information Reference list A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full details of sources cited within the essay Bibliography A list at the end of your essay which gives the full details of all sources which you have read even if they are not referred to within the text

What do I need to include? author year the work was published page number(s) if applicable

Citation styles Academically acceptable citation styles MLA APA Harvard Chicago Turabian

Harvard Referencing System

What do I need to include? author year the work was published page number(s) if applicable

What’s an in-text citation? - Examples According to Clegg (1985, p.543) the inter-war period was…. Barter (2003, p.258) has shown that….. As Evans, Jamal and Foxall (2006, p.76) point out…. It has been suggested by Reed (2008, pp.30-31).... Barter (2003, p.258) and Stuart (2001, p.85) note… A number of authors including Smith (2008, pp.21-24) and Adams (2001, pp.165-166) have argued that… **p. - page number / pp. - page numbers**

What’s a reference list? A list of all the sources you have cited in the text of your assignment Presented at the end of your work in alphabetical order by author/ editor Do not list books, journals, newspapers, then websites etc. Note: a bibliography lists all of the sources you have read to help write your assignment, not just those cited in the text. Bibliography and/ or reference list? Ask your tutor!

Basic components of a citation Books: Author (or editor), (Year) Title, Publisher, Place of publication Journal Articles: Author, Year, Article Title, Journal Title, Volume No., Issue No., Pages Web sites: Author (or Company or Organisation), web page Title, URL, Date (posted or revisited) Date retrieved Images: Artist name, Title of the work, Date it was created, repository

Referencing a book Achebe, Chinua. (1995), Things fall apart, Mambo Press, Gweru.

Books with two or more authors Hilton, D. J., White, S & Peters, J. (1997) Business Accounting, Butterworths, London.   Book with more than three authors Bond, WR. et al. (1996), Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney

Referencing a printed journal article

Referencing an electronic journal article

Referencing a web page

Referencing an e-book Megill, K. A. (2005) Corporate Memory: Records and Information Management age, KG. Saur, Berlin, available from EIFL Ebrary e-books. [Accessed 28 June 2017]

References of images and diagrams All externally sourced images and diagrams must be referenced Enter the title underneath the image or diagram Add, in brackets, the author, date of publication and page number Where there is no author use the title of the source i.e. book, website etc.

References of images and diagrams Example 1 (Book/Publication): Figure 1: Risk assessment guidelines for lifting and lowering (Essentials of Health and Safety at Work 2008, 48)

References of images and diagrams Example 2 (Website): Figure 1: Marriages, United Kingdom, 1951 – 2007 (Office for National Statistics website 2009)

How to Reference

Secondary referencing

Summary When you use ideas from, refer to, or quote from, another person’s work you MUST acknowledge this in your work by citing and referencing Ensure that your citations and references are complete, accurate and consistent, by keeping note of the sources you have used and where you found them If you present work containing ideas or quotes from other authors, without acknowledging their work (even if you do so accidentally) you may be accused of plagiarism!

Summary When you use ideas from, refer to, or quote from, another person’s work you MUST acknowledge this in your work by citing and referencing Ensure that your citations and references are complete, accurate and consistent, by keeping note of the sources you have used and where you found them If you present work containing ideas or quotes from other authors, without acknowledging their work (even if you do so accidentally) you may be accused of plagiarism!