Antimicrobial Properties of the Patented LP3 Enzyme System The LP3 Enzyme System combines 3 enzymes to effectively destroy bacterial, viral and fungal microorganisms. Each enzyme has its own unique properties and when combined, pack a powerful antimicrobial punch. The 3 enzymes are derived naturally from milk products so they are 100% safe and gentle. For years, it has been known that milk has a natural ability to kill bacteria, viruses and yeast. Only recently have the protein and enzyme system responsible been identified and reproduced. The three most effective are Lactoperoxidase, Lysozyme and Lactoferrin.

Lactoperoxidase

Lactoperoxidase A known milk peroxidase which when combined together with hydrogen peroxide, thiocyanate and/or iodide produce a potent antibacterial system known as the Lactoperoxidase System. The hypohalous ions produced are either the hypothiocyanate ion or the hypoiodite ion. Both are bactericidal substances. Hypoiodite is also a known fungicidal agent. The antibacterial property of the Lactoperoxidase System is based upon inhabitation of vital bacterial metabolic enzymes brought on by their oxidation by hypothiocyanate or hypoiodite.

Lactoperoxidase Lysozyme

Lysozyme An enzyme present in milk and egg whites. Lysozyme kills bacteria by disrupting the formation of a glycosidic bond between the two components of peptidoglycan, a constituent of the bacterial cell wall. Lysozyme is effective against a number of bacteria including Escherichia coli and Salmonellae.

Lactoperoxidase Lysozyme Lactoferrin

Lactoferrin An iron binding protein, found naturally in cow and human milk, tears, saliva, seminal fluid and in some white blood cells. Lactoferrin is only partially saturated with iron (5 to 30 percent) so it has a high affinity towards iron. Lactoferrin is bacteristatic against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-negative (coliforms) and gram-positive (staphylcoccus) bacteria. Lactoferrin has the potential to inhibit the growth of bacteria and kill them by depriving them of iron, which is vital for bacterial growth.

The Lactoperoxidase Enzyme System

bi·o·film noun Definition: film composed of cells of microorganism: a thin layer of cells of a microorganism such as a bacterium or fungus, held to a surface by the material the microorganisms produce. Biofilm forms on multiple moisture rich surfaces such as: medical implants, teeth, rocks, drains, etc.

Staphylococcus aureus biofilm Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide variety of microbial infections in the body, by one estimate 80% of all infections. Infectious processes in which biofilms have been implicated include common problems such as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, formation of dental plaque, gingivitis, coating contact lenses, and less common but more lethal processes such as endocarditis, infections in cystic fibrosis, and infections of permanent indwelling devices such as joint prostheses and heart valves.

Multifactorial Antimicrobial Resistance Conventional antibiotic therapy, usually effective against free-floating bacteria, is frequently ineffective once pathogens have formed biofilms: these surface-attached communities are up to 1,000-times more resistant to antibiotics.

The Reason for Resistance A very complex diffusion barrier made up of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and polysacchrides. Active not passive, multiple resistance mechanisms that are still being studied. Scientists discovered that the biofilm bacteria can produce a protein which their analysis suggests is similar to one of the active ingredients in rattlesnake venom which causes the host cells to commit suicide and die.

5 Stages of Biofilm Development Stage 1, initial attachment; Stage 2, irreversible attachment; Stage 3, maturation I; Stage 4, maturation II; Stage 5, dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing P. aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown to same scale.

The Role of Enzymes for Infection Control Glucose oxidase combined with lactoperoxidase is bactericidal against biofilm bacteria but does not remove biofilm. A complex mixture of polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes removes bacterial biofilm but does not have a significant bactericidal activity. Combining oxidoreductases, like the Lacoperoxidase System, with polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes results in bactericidal activity as well as removes the biofilm.

The Future of Biofilm Reduction in Infection Control Bacteriophages- tiny viruses that are engineered to contain enzymes that attack bacteria and degrade their biofilm. Disrupting cellular communications-activating the cells' communication system, also known as quorum sensing, in established biofilms causes the biofilms to disperse rapidly.

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