External Relations –Cooperation Agreements with Third Countries Differentiated approach European Economic Area EU and Iceland, Lichtenstein, and Norway Single market and competition Highly institutionalized Switzerland Bilateral agreements EU- Switzerland summits

External Relations –Cooperation Agreements with Third Countries Western Balkans Stabilization and Association Process Development assistance Membership perspective Mediterranean and Middle East No membership perspective 1995 Barcelona Declaration Bilateral association agreements Regional forum Dominance of security considerations Israel-Palestinian conflict 2008 Union for the Med Includes Western Balkans Unclear about objectives and means

Source: Laura Lecharpentier (Eurohorizons Danışmanlık), “Akdeniz İçin Birlik: tuzak mı fısat mı?”, Kriter Türkiye- AB İlişkileri Haber- Yorum Dergisi, August 2008, Issue 26, Page 25.

External Relations –Cooperation Agreements with Third Countries European Neighborhood Policy Avoid new dividing lines Progressive integration in common market, all but institutions Russia 1994 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU-Russia summits Russia does not want membership, neighborhood policy Chechnya, energy. Ukraine Between Russia and EU 1994 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Orange Revolution and afterwards. 2004 European Neighborhood Policy Common Strategy, Eastern Partnership

External Relations –Cooperation Agreements with Third Countries North America No agreement with NAFTA EU-US Relations 1990 Transatlantic Declaration 1995 New Transatlantic Agenda EU-US Summits Central and South America Relations develop with democratization in the 1990s. Inter-regional cooperation: EU-MERCOSUR Agreement (1995) Central America, San Jose Dialogue Cooperation Agreement with the Andean Community

External Relations –Cooperation Agreements with Third Countries Conflict with ‘Asian Values’ Asia-Europe Meetings (ASEAN, China, Japan, and Korea) Dispute over Myanmar Japan 1991 EC-Japan Declaration Trade disputes China Human rights, Tiananmen Square events Trade issues, EU-China deal for WTO membership India -2004 Strategic Partnership

Development Policy Relations with former colonies of member states EU-ACP Agreements (1964 to present) Yaounde-Lome-Cotonou Development assistance, Preferential trade Stabilisation of export prices Innovations of Cotonou agreement Trade liberalization Political conditionality Regional and economic differentiation –Least Developed Countries Everything But Arms Regulation Development policy at member-state and at EU level.

External Relations – Trade Policy Rome Treaty gave EU exclusive competence. Commission-Council relations Diversifying issues in international trade Shared competence in some areas. Trade in services Intellectual property rights Single Market –fortress Europe? Agriculture and audio-visual sectors Trade diverting effects of EU enlargement Preferential agreements with third countries Anti-dumping actions Health, safety, and environmental regulations

External Relations –Trade Policy EU and WTO Trade relations with US Use dispute resolution as a major policy instrument Bananas, beef, steel Promote multilateral liberalization in certain areas. Support membership of China and Russia Doha Development Round

Turkey and EU Trade Policy Customs Union requires harmonization of trade policy Turkey needs to implement the EU’s Free Trade Agreements with Third countries Turkey lacks decision-making power Third countries are only invited to conclude FTAs with Turkey.