Chapter 4: Ancient Greece Focus: What enduring traditions and institutions did Greek culture extend to most of the Western world?

4.1- Early People of the Aegean Focus: How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek Civilization? The Greek culture is believed to have had its earliest beginnings on the Island of Crete* Crete was influenced by many other area’s surrounding the Mediterranean: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia (Cultural Diffusion)

4.1- Early People of the Aegean Crete was home to a civilization known as the Minoans* The name Minoan comes from the name of the Island nations greatest king: Minos. King Minos along with other rulers lived in a palace at Knossos - capital Knossos was covered with frescoes - watercolor paintings*

4.1- Early People of the Aegean Minoans replaced by Mycenaeans* Conquer Greek mainland and Crete Known as excellent sailors and traders*

4.1- Early People of the Aegean Mycenaeans (Greeks) are best remembered for their part in: The Trojan War* Fought against Trojans (Troy)* Trojan Horse* Greeks finally seize Troy and burn it to the ground*

4.1- Early People of the Aegean Much of Early Greek History comes from the Epic Poems: The Iliad and The Odyssey* Epic Poems written by Homer* Show the values of ancient Greece: honor, courage

4.2 – The Rise of Greek City-States Focus: How did government & culture develop as Greek city-states grew? Geography* Lives shaped by land Mountains & water divide valley’s into city-states* ¼ of land is farmable Easy access to the sea – powerful traders & sailors* Adopt Phoenician alphabet

Greece - Geography

4.2 – Governing the City-States Polis* – independent Greek city-states Acropolis* – highest point of the city (hilltop) http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece/videos/deconstructing-history-the-acropolis Temples*

4.2 – Governing the City-States Citizens – free residents* Outdoors Unequal – male landowners hold all political power

4.2 – Governing the City-States Different forms of government Monarchy* – hereditary ruler has central power Aristocracy* – rule by landholding elite Oligarchy* – power by small group of wealthy elite (merchants, artisans, farmers)

4.2 – Governing the City-States Phalanx* tactical formation of armed foot soldiers* Bronze to iron weapons

Athens** 4.2 - Greek City States Government: Had a limited democracy- only landholding men* Had a legislature- law making body* Women: rarely seen in public - Stayed home to work Education: Knowledge very important (boys only)*

4. 2 Greek City States http://www. history Sparta** Government: - 2 Kings - council Military Society**: Children trained to fight early, sickly and weak were discarded Women: Trained for military service (wrestling) protect home when men leave. Leads to more rights and privileges.* http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/sparta/videos/spartan-boot-camp-killing-machines

4.2 – Forces of Unity Greeks were united by:* Religion* Language* Superiority: (barbaroi - couldn’t speak Greek) Religion* Polytheistic*

4.2 – Forces of Unity - Religion Mt. Olympus – home of the Gods Zeus – presides over affairs of gods & humans* Ares – god of war Aphrodite – goddess of love Athena – goddess of wisdom

4.2 – Forces of Unity Oracles – priests or priestesses through which the gods speak*

4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World Focus: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states? The Persian Wars – Greece vs. Persian Empire* 499 B.C. – Ionian Greeks rebel against Persian rule Athens helps Greek city-states (unity)

Persian Wars Thermopylae* Battle of Marathon* 490 B.C. 480 B.C. Greeks defeat Darius* http://www.history.com/shows/battles-bc/videos/battles-bc-battle-at-marathon#battles-bc-battle-at-marathon Thermopylae* 480 B.C. Mtn. pass guarded by Spartans – Xerxes defeats Greece* (300) http://www.history.com/videos/battle-of-thermopylae-king-xerxes-master-plan#battle-of-thermopylae-king-xerxes-master-plan

4.3 - Persian Wars 480 B.C. – Battle of Salamis* Greeks defeat Xerxes* Greek ships (powered by rowers) sank the Persian Navy Army

4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World Athens becomes most powerful city-state in Greece Delian League – formed as a result of the Persian Wars* Alliance – formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense*

4.3 – Pericles & Direct Democracy in Athens 460 B.C. – 429 B.C. Pericles – an able statesman that led Athens into a golden age* Forms Direct Democracy- citizens take part directly in government affairs* Stipend – fixed salary* – paid govn’t participants Jury – panel of citizens with authority to make the final judgment in a trial* (possibly in the 100’s or 1000’s) Over 30 years old Serve one year Ostracism – to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy* 10 years outside of city

4.3 – Peloponnesian War (431 B.C. – 404 B.C.) Athens v. Sparta* Peloponnesian League Sparta & enemies of Athens* Sparta – inland, powerful army* Athens – coast, powerful navy* Disadvantage – land battle Allows all Athenians inside city walls Plague* Sparta defeats Athens*

Peloponnesian War

4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Focus: How did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and people’s place in it? Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom Philosopher – thinker; seeks to understand and explain life – threat to Greek traditions* Logic – rational thinking Reason and observation* Rhetoric – art of skillful speaking* Success above values

4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Athenian philosopher Questioned others about their beliefs and traditions* Death penalty

4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Plato Wrote The Republic Ideal Society* Workers - necessities Soldiers - defend Philosophers - rule Aristotle Lyceum* Rule by single leader* Influenced Alexander the Great

4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece http://www.history.com/photos/greek-architecture Idealism in Architecture and Art Parthenon* Temple to the goddess Athena Balance and order* Sculptures* Lifelike Idealize the human body; perfect, graceful*

4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Greek Literature Large outdoor theatres Tragedy* – told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster Comedy* – humorous plays that mocked people or customs

4.5- Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Focus: How did Alexander the Great expand the empire and spread Greek culture throughout the realm?

4.5 – Alexander the Great Macedonia – north of Greece Phillip II Conquered Greece Wanted to capture Persia Was assassinated

4.5 – Alexander the Great Alexander becomes Emperor at 20 Shares his fathers goals Great Military Leader Conquers Persian Empire (Egypt to India) Extends his empire as far east as India* Dies suddenly at 32 (disease) Empire falls apart Battle for power

4.5 – Alexander the Great

4.5 – Alexander the Great Legacy: Combined Cultures: People assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas Alexandria, Egypt Pharos, Lighthouse Museum Extended the Rights of Women Enabled Cleopatra to rule Egypt

4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Advances in: Philosophy Math and Astronomy The culture left behind from Alexander’s Empire became known as : Hellenistic – blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences Advances in: Philosophy Math and Astronomy Medicine

4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Philosophy: Political turmoil creates new ideas Zeno- urges to accept life’s challenges All people are morally equal - power of reasoning

4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Math and Astronomy: Pythagoras - Pythagorean Theorem Aristarchus- proposes Heliocentric universe Sun-centered solar system Archimedes- applied physics to make practical inventions: lever and pulley

4.5- Hellenistic Culture: Medicine Hippocrates: Studies Illness Hippocratic Oath Doctors: swear to help injured and sick according to their ability with only good intentions