1870s-1890s: Three “U.S.’s” become one 1. Post-Reconstruction South 2. N.E. Urban Industrialization 3. Western Frontiers

Three interlocking systems Raw materials from the south and west fueled industrialization in NE cities. Industrialization, Immigration and Urbanization

Rise of Big Business Large-scale : Railroads, Steel, Oil, Meatpacking, etc… “Robber Barons” - Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller

Vertical and Horizontal Integration Trusts and Monopolies Emergence of Modern Advertising Emergence of Corporations, Professional Managers (new, small middle-class)

Laissez faire Economist Adam Smith, French for “let alone” 14th Amendment (“no state can deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”) applied to corporations Strict interpretation of the constitution = little to no regulation on business

The Horatio Alger Myth “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” The “American Dream” The Social Gospel

The New Immigrants Late 19th- Early 20th Centuries Between 1880 and 1920 23 million immigrants

Shift in Immigrant Origin White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant WASP America Early Immigrant Groups from Northern and Western Europe EX: British, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians

The New Immigrants From Eastern and Southern Europe Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungary (modern Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina) -Greece, Turkey, Romania Japan, Philippines

Factors Affection Immigration “Push/Pull” “Push” Factors -Lack of Jobs/Land at home -Political/religious turmoil “Pull” Factors Job availability Cheap Transport Advertising Previous Immigrants Birds of Passage vs. permanent immigrants

Late 19th – Early 20th C. Time of Rapid and Massive Change Industrialization Urbanization Internal Migration-North, Western Frontier Technology Immigration 2 Fundamental Principles of Human Nature People Fear Change People Fear What The Do Not Understand

Entered at a Time of Rapid and Tremendous Change Brought New and Different Cultures, Languages, and Religions

Tenement living and ghettos The “Boss” system and perspective

Labor Issues Shift from skilled to semi-skilled to unskilled The “Putting Out” system “Native Born” vs. Immigrant labor American Federation of Labor Knights of Labor

Justifying Racism Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth Nativism “Scientific” justification -application of “survival of the fittest” to human groups Gospel of Wealth Religious justification -Material success as a reflection of one’s inner worth Nativism Popular sentiment, Reflected in politics Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Immigration Quotas-National Origins Act, 1924

Labor Strife RR strike of 1877, >100 dead Haymarket – May 1886 Pullman strike, 1894 “Company towns” American Railway Union Eugene V. Debs

The Gilded Age