Chapter 4, Section 1: World Population The Human World Chapter 4, Section 1: World Population

Important Vocabulary Birthrate: the number of births per year for every 1,000 people. Death Rate: the number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people. Natural Increase: growth rate of a population is the difference between an area’s birthrate and death rate. Migration: the movement of people from place to place.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) Demographic Transition: the model uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region. Doubling Time: the number of years it takes a population to double in size. Population Distribution: the pattern of human settlement. Population Density: the number of people living on a square mile or kilometer of land.

Population Growth Earth’s population (as of 2012) was over 6.8 billion. The population did not always expand rapidly. Ex: 19th century Ireland. Population growth varies. Numerous factors in population growth. Cultural influences in birthrates.

Population Distribution Challenges in growth: food supply, resources, economic, etc. Negative growth occurs when the annual death rate higher than birth rate. Recently seen in Germany and Hungary. Earth’s population distribution is uneven among its regions.

Chapter 4, Section 2: Global Cultures The Human World Chapter 4, Section 2: Global Cultures

Important Vocabulary Culture: is a group of people’s way of life whom share similar beliefs and customs. Language Family: large groups of languages having similar roots. Ex: Romance languages. Ethnic Group: is made up of people who share a common language, history, place of origin, or a combination of these elements.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) Culture Region: includes countries that have certain traits in common. Ex: economics, gov’t, and certain traits. Cultural Diffusion: the spreading of knowledge from one culture to another. Culture Hearth: early civilization centers by which practices and ideas spread to surrounding areas.

Cultural Elements A geographer separates the Earth into cultural regions. Regions are based on the existence of common features such as religion and language. Religion: allows people to discover an identity and influence their daily lives. Language: people can exchange information and teach cultural traditions and values to future generations.

Changes in Culture Internal factors: new ideas, lifestyles, and inventions. External factors: migration, trade, and military conflicts. Cultural contacts. These hearths originated in fertile lands with favorable climates and near waterways. In time, these settlements expanded into larger entities in which complex social systems were organized.

Chapter 4, Section 3: Political and Economic Systems The Human World Chapter 4, Section 3: Political and Economic Systems

Government Levels Levels of government (2): Unitary System – by which all main powers are controlled by a central government. Federal System – in which powers are divided between the national and state or local governments.

Government Types Types of government (4): Autocracy – a system in which all ruling power and authority belongs to a single individual. Monarchy – another form autocracy. An absolute monarch exercises supreme rule. A constitutional monarch shares its powers with an elected legislature.

Government Types (Cont’d) Oligarchy – any system of government in which a small group holds power. Democracy – a government by which its power is derived by the consent of the people. Forms: direct and representative.

Economic Systems There are three main economic systems: Traditional Economy (1) – customs and habits determine the rules for economic activity. Market Economy (2) – individuals and private groups make decisions on what to produce and purchase. Mixed Economy – a system in which the government supports and regulates free enterprise.

Economic Systems (Cont’d) Command Economy (3) – the central government either owns or directs production means (land, labor), capital (machinery, factories), and business managers. Communism – idea of the government having very strict control of society and its economy. Socialism – allows some free enterprise in the economy. Its main objectives are: equal distribution of wealth and opportunity.

Chapter 4, Section 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment The Human World Chapter 4, Section 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment

Important Vocabulary Natural Resource: Earth’s elements that are not man-made, but can be used for food or fuel. Industrialization: the spreading of industry. Developed Country: a nation which has much technology, manufacturing, and high living standards.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) Newly Industrialized Country: a nation which has moved from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activities. Developing Country: those countries working towards greater manufacturing and technological use. Free Trade: the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely. Pollution: the release of unclean or toxic elements into the air, water, and land.

Natural Resources Some resources are renewable, such as: wind, sun, water, forests, and animals. Other resources, like: many minerals and fossil fuels (coal, oil) are not renewable.

Economic Activities Primary: The taking and using of natural resources directly. Secondary: Using raw materials to produce a new product. Tertiary: Providing services to both people and businesses. Quaternary: The processing, management, and distribution of information.

Economic Trends & Trades Industrialization influences a country’s development. World trade stems from an uneven distribution of resources, and economic needs. Trade barriers exist such as: tariffs (a tax) on imported goods, quotas, and trade embargos. Moves towards free trade to promote economic growth.

People & Environment Human activities can interfere with the purifying abilities of Earth’s water bodies. Land dumps and fertilizers can poison fertile topsoil. The burning of fossil fuels creates air pollution. Forest destruction can be devastating. Communal expansions can threaten natural ecosystems.