Solar Power Satellites and Microwave Power Transmission Andrew K. Soubel Energy Law Spring 2004 Chicago-Kent College of Law soubel@msn.com

Outline Background Solar Power Satellite Microwave Power Transmission Current Designs Legal Issues Conclusion

Background 1899-1990

Nikola Tesla 1856-1943 Innovations: Alternating current Wireless power transmission experiments at Wardenclyffe Image: www.mercury.gr/tesla/ lifeen.html MSN Encarta, Nikola Tesla,<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567992_1____3/Tesla_Nikola.html#s3>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Wardenclyffe 1899 Able to light lamps over 25 miles away without using wires High frequency current, of a Tesla coil, could light lamps filled with gas (like neon) Image: www.tfcbooks.com/images/teslafaq/ wardenclyffe.gif MSN Encarta, Nikola Tesla,<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567992_1____3/Tesla_Nikola.html#s3>(accessed April 10, 2004)

1940’s to Present World War II developed ability to convert energy to microwaves using a magnetron, no method for converting microwaves back to electricity 1964 William C. Brown demonstrated a rectenna which could convert microwave power to electricity Wikipedia, Microwave Power Transmission,<http://www.fact-index.com/m/mi/microwave_power_transmission.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Brief History of Solar Power 1940-50’s Development of the Photovoltaic cell 1958 First US Satellite that used Solar Power 1970’s Oil embargo brought increased interest and study Simply Solar, History Page,<http://solar.iwarp.com/hist.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Solar Power from Satellites 1968’s idea for Solar Power Satellites proposed by Peter Glaser Would use microwaves to transmit power to Earth from Solar Powered Satellites Idea gained momentum during the Oil Crises of 1970’s, but after prices stabilized idea was dropped US Department of Energy research program 1978-1981 David, Leonard, Bright Future for Solar Power Satellites, <http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/solar_power_sats_011017-1.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) Space Power, SPS Timeline,<http://www.spacefuture.com/power/timeline.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Details of the DOE Study Construct the satellites in space Each SPS would have 400 million solar cells Use the Space Shuttle to get pieces to a low orbit station Tow pieces to the assembly point using a purpose built space tug (similar to space shuttle) US Department of Energy, EREC Brief Solar Power Satellites,<http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/l123.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Advantages over Earth based solar power More intense sunlight In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km (22,369 miles) an SPS would be illuminated over 99% of the time No need for costly storage devices for when the sun is not in view Only a few days at spring and fall equinox would the satellite be in shadow Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Continued Waste heat is radiated back into space Power can be beamed to the location where it is needed, don’t have to invest in as large a grid No air or water pollution is created during generation Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Problems Issues identified during the DOE study Complexity—30 years to complete Size—6.5 miles long by 3.3 miles wide Transmitting antenna ½ mile in diameter(1 km) David, Leonard, Bright Future for Solar Power Satellites, <http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/solar_power_sats_011017-1.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) Space Power, SPS Timeline,<http://www.spacefuture.com/power/timeline.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004) US Department of Energy, EREC Brief Solar Power Satellites,<http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/l123.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Continued Cost—prototype would have cost $74 billion Microwave transmission Interference with other electronic devices Health and environmental effects David, Leonard, Bright Future for Solar Power Satellites, <http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/solar_power_sats_011017-1.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

1980’s to Present Japanese continued to study the idea of SPS throughout the 1980’s In 1995 NASA began a Fresh Look Study Set up a research, technology, and investment schedule David, Leonard, Bright Future for Solar Power Satellites, <http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/solar_power_sats_011017-1.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) Space Power, SPS Timeline,<http://www.spacefuture.com/power/timeline.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004)

NASA Fresh Look Report SPS could be competitive with other energy sources and deserves further study Research aimed at an SPS system of 250 MW Would cost around $10 billion and take 20 years National Research Council found the research worthwhile but under funded to achieve its goals Space Power, SPS Timeline,<http://www.spacefuture.com/power/timeline.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004) US Department of Energy, EREC Brief Solar Power Satellites,<http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/l123.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) NASA, Space Solar Power Home,<http://spacesolarpower.nasa.gov/>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Specifications Collector area must be between 50 (19 sq miles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles) 50 Tons of material Current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $3500 and $5000 per pound 50 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,000 Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) Wikipedia, Microwave Power Transmission, <http://www.fact-index.com/m/mi/microwave_power_transmission.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Continued There are advantages Possible power generation of 5 to 10 gigawatts “If the largest conceivable space power station were built and operated 24 hours a day all year round, it could produce the equivalent output of ten 1 million kilowatt-class nuclear power stations.” Quote: Gomes, Pedro, Microwave Power Transmission,<http://www.infosatellite.com/news/2003/01/p200103microwave.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Possible Designs http://www.spacedaily.com/images/solar-sps-satellite-bg.jpg

http://www.ssi.org/assets/images/slide02.jpg

http://www.ssi.org/assets/images/SPS_summary.jpg

Deployment Issues Cost of transporting materials into space Construction of satellite Space Walks Maintenance Routine Meteor impacts Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Possible Solutions International Space Station President’s plan for a return to the moon Either could be used as a base for construction activities Image: http://ems.calumet.purdue.edu/engr/pics/International%20Space%20Station.jpg CNN, Bush Unveils Vision for Moon and Beyond, <http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/01/14/bush.space/(accessed April 10, 2004)

Microwave Power Transmission How the power gets to Earth

From the Satellite Solar power from the satellite is sent to Earth using a microwave transmitter Received at a “rectenna” located on Earth Recent developments suggest that power could be sent to Earth using a laser ISIS, Highlights in Space 2000, <http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/isis/highlights2000/sect6b.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Microwaves Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave beam Retro directive beam control capability Power level is well below international safety standard Nagatomo, Makoto, Conceptual Study of a Solar Power Satellite, SPS 200, <http://www.spacefuture.com/pr/archive/conceptual_study_of_a_solar_power_satellite_sps_2000.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Microwave vs. Laser Transmission More developed High efficiency up to 85% Beams is far below the lethal levels of concentration even for a prolonged exposure Cause interference with satellite communication industry Laser Recently developed solid state lasers allow efficient transfer of power Range of 10% to 20% efficiency within a few years Conform to limits on eye and skin damage ISIS, Highlights in Space: 2000, <http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/isis/highlights2000/sect6b.html> (accessed April 10, 2004) Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Rectenna Microwaves are received with about 85% efficiency “An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting it into electric power.” Microwaves are received with about 85% efficiency Around 5km across (3.1 miles) 95% of the beam will fall on the rectenna Quote: http://www.spacetalent.com/cgi/glossary.cgi?gl=term&term=Rectenna Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Rectenna Design Currently there are two different design types being looked at Wire mesh reflector Built on a rigid frame above the ground Visually transparent so that it would not interfere with plant life Magic carpet Material pegged to the ground Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004)

5,000 MW Receiving Station (Rectenna) 5,000 MW Receiving Station (Rectenna). This station is about a mile and a half long. www.powersat.com/ image_library.html

Rectenna Issues Size Miles across Location Aesthetic Near population center Health and environmental side effects Although claim that microwaves or lasers would be safe, how do you convince people

Current Developments

SPS 2000                                                                                                                                                   http://www.spacefuture.com/power/sps2000.shtml

Details Project in Development in Japan Goal is to build a low cost demonstration model by 2025 8 Countries along the equator have agreed to be the site of a rectenna Nagatomo, Makoto, Conceptual Study of a Solar Power Satellite, SPS 200, <http://www.spacefuture.com/pr/archive/conceptual_study_of_a_solar_power_satellite_sps_2000.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004) US Department of Energy, EREC Brief Solar Power Satellites,<http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/l123.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Continued 10 MW satellite delivering microwave power Will not be in geosynchronous orbit, instead low orbit 1100 km (683 miles) Much cheaper to put a satellite in low orbit 200 seconds of power on each pass over rectenna Gomes, Pedro, Microwave Power Transmission,<http://www.infosatellite.com/news/2003/01/p200103microwave.html>(accessed April 10, 2004) Collins, Patrick, Future Demand for Microwave Power From Space in China and Indonesia, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/future_demand_for_microwave_power_from_space_in_china_and_indonesia.shtml>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Power to Mobile Devices If microwave beams carrying power could be beamed uniformly over the earth they could power cell phones Biggest problem is that the antenna would have to be 25-30 cm square Gomes, Pedro, Microwave Power Transmission,<http://www.infosatellite.com/news/2003/01/p200103microwave.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

http://www. spacefuture http://www.spacefuture.com/pr/archive/conceptual_study_of_a_solar_power_satellite_sps_2000.shtml

Low Orbit Communications industry proposing to have hundreds of satellites in low earth orbit These satellites will use microwaves to beam communications to the ground Could also be used to beam power Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004)

Continued Since a low orbit microwave beam would spread less, the ground based rectenna could be smaller Would allow collectors on the ground of a few hundred meters across instead of 10 kilometers In low orbit they circle the Earth in about every 90 minutes Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004)

Issues Would require a network of hundreds of satellites Air Force currently track 8500 man made objects in space, 7% satellites Would make telecommunications companies into power companies Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004) USSTRATCOM,Re-Entry Assessment and Space Surveillance Fact Sheet, <http://www.stratcom.mil/factsheetshtml/reentryassessment.htm>(last updated March 2004)

Reliability Ground based solar only works during clear days, and must have storage for night Power can be beamed to the location where it is needed, don’t have to invest in as large a grid A network of low orbit satellites could provide power to almost any point on Earth continuously because one satellite would always be in range Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004) Wikipedia, Solar Power Satellite, <http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/solar_power_satellite.html>(accessed April 10, 2004)

Legal Issues Who will oversee? Environmental Concerns International

NASA Funding the research In charge of space flight for the United States Would be launching the satellites and doing maintenance

FCC Federal Communications Commission The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. http://www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html

Environmental Possible health hazards Location Effects of long term exposure Exposure is equal to the amount that people receive from cell phones and microwaves Location The size of construction for the rectennas is massive Space Future, Beam It Down: How the New Satellites Can Power the World, <http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/beam_it_down_how_the_new_satellites_can_power_the_world.shtml>(accessed April 11, 2004)

International Geosynchronous satellites would take up large sections of space Interference with communication satellites Low orbit satellites would require agreements about rectenna locations and flight paths

Conclusions More reliable than ground based solar power In order for SPS to become a reality it several things have to happen: Government support Cheaper launch prices Involvement of the private sector