Reaction Schematic Reduction Hydration Carbonyl Alkene Alcohol Oxidation + H+ and heat If tertiary Dehydration NO REACTION If primary If secondary Aldehyde Ketone

Reaction Schematic Carbonyl Oxidation Addition Reduction If aldehyde Carboxylic Acid Reduction If aldehyde If ketone If aldehyde Hemiacetal - Acetal 2º Alcohol 1º Alcohol If ketone Hemiketal - Ketal

Reaction Schematic Carboxylic Acid Aldehyde Dissociation 1º Alcohol Oxidation Oxidation Dissociation Esterification Neutralization Carboxylate anion Esterification Carboxylic Acid salt

Reaction Schematic Amide Acid Chloride Amine / NH3 Hydrolysis If Acid Acid Anhydride Amine / NH3 Hydrolysis If Acid If Base Carboxylic Acid AlkylNH4 Ion Carboxylate ion Amine / NH3

Reaction Schematic Amine Basicity with Water Neutralization with Acid Nitro Compound Amine Amide Basicity with Water Neutralization with Acid AlkylNH4 Ion Hydroxide Ion Alkylammonium Salt