Class XII: Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Dr. Esa Autero LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class XII: Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Dr. Esa Autero

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs 1.1 Introduction App. 72,000 verbs in the Hebrew Bible 2/3 in Qal stem (50,699) First and most important of the seven stems Qal stem pattern needs to be memorized – others build on that The Qal stem basics Active voice Simple or unnuanced action קָתַל “he killed” *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs The simple action of Qal divided into: 1) Transitive verbs Transitive verbs take a direct object – “The prophet wrote the book” 2) Intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs don’t take direct action – “He fasts twice a week” 3) Stative verbs Stative verbs describe a state of being – “the priest is old” In English “state” is indicated by using “is + adjective” In Hebrew “state” is indicated by stative verbs כָּבֵד (to be heavy) קָטֹן (to be small) *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs 1.1 Translation of the Perfect conjugation Perfect describes a completed action or state of being English translation: past tense (he studied); perfect (he has studied); past perfect (he had studied); future perfect (he will have studied) When describing a state of being: English present tense (he is wise); past tense (he was wise); or present tense with verbs of perception or attitude (he knows, he loves) Time concept is secondary and needs to be deduced from the context  Perfect tense indicates completed action – whether in the past, present or the future *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Inflectional endings or sufformatives of Qal paradigm Note the endings - Endings and specific vowel changes must be memorized! Paradigm starts with 3ms  lexical form Metheg – vowel is Qamets Sufformative Perfect Translation 3ms - קָטַל He killed 3fs ָה קָֽטְלָה She killed 2ms תָּ קָטַ֫לְתָּ You killed 2fs תְּ קָטַלְתְּ 1cs תִּי קָטַ֫לְתִּי I killed 3cp וּ קָֽטְלוּ They killed 2mp תֶּם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp תֶּן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp נוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ We killed *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs To dwell To remember To write To keep To gather 3ms יָשַׁב זָכַר כָּתַב שָׁמַר קָבַץ 3fs יָֽשְׁבָה זָֽכְרָה כָּֽתְבָה שָֽׁמְרָה קָֽבְצָה 2ms יָשַׁ֫בְתָּ זָכַ֫רְתָּ כָּתַ֫בְתָּ שָׁמַרְתָּ קָבַצְתָּ 2fs יָשַׁבְתְּ זָכַרְתְּ כָּתַבְתּ שָׁמַרְתְּ קָבַצְתְּ 1cs יָשַׁבְתִּי זָכַרְתִּי כָּתַבְתִּי שָׁמַרְתִּי קָבַצְתִּי 3cp יָֽשְׁבוּ זָֽכְרוּ כָּֽתְבוּ שָֽׁמְרוּ קָֽבְצוּ 2mp יְשַׁבְתֶּם זְכַרְתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם שְׁמַרְתֶּם קְבַצְתֶּם 2fp יְשַׁבְתֶּן זְכַרְתֶּן כְּתַבְתֶּן שְׁמַרְתֶּן קְבַצְתֶּן 1cp יָשַׁ֫בְנוּ זָכַ֫רְנוּ כָּתַ֫בְנוּ שָׁמַ֫רנוּ קָבַ֫צְנוּ The *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Roots ending in ת When a verbal root ends in ת , two identical ת consonants become one +Daghesh Forte  תת = תּ כָּרַתָּ 2ms You cut כָּרַתְּ 2fs כָּרַתִּי 1cs I cut כְּרַתֶּם 2mp כְּרַתֶּן 2fp *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Roots ending in נ When a verbal root ends in נ two identical consonants (ננ) become oneנ +Daghesh Forte. שָׁכַן שָׁכַ֫נּוּ Same rule applies as נת becomes תּ See esp. נָתַן (to give)  נָתַ֫תִּי (I gave) *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Stative verbs (indicate state of being/condition) Classified per stem vowel (vowel associated w/ second root consonant) Pathach-stative גָּדַל חָכַם To become great To be wise Tsere-stative כָּבֵד זָקֵן to be heave To be old Holem-stative קָטֹן יָכֹל To be small To be able *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Pathach-stative Tsere-stative Holem-stative Strong verb 3ms גָּדַל כָּבֵד קָטֹן קָטַל 3fs גָּֽדְלָה כָּֽבְדָה קָֽטְנָה קָֽטְלָה 2ms גָּדַ֫לְתָּ כָּבַ֫דְתָּ קָטֹ֫נְתָּ קָטַ֫לְתָּ 2fs גָּדַלְתּ כָּבַדְתְּ קָטֹנְתְּ קָטַלְתְּ 1cs גָּדַ֫לְתִּי כָּבַ֫דְתִּי קָטֹ֫נְתִּי קָטַ֫לְתִּי 3cp גָּֽדְלוּ כָּֽבְדוּ קָֽטְנוּ קָֽטְלוּ 2mp גְּדַלְתֶּם כְּבַדְתֶּם קְטָנְתֶּם קְטַלְתֶּם 2fp גְּדַלְתֶּן כְּבַדְתֶּן קְטָנְתֶּן קְטַלְתֶּן 1cp גָּדַ֫לְנוּ כָּבַ֫דְנוּ קָטֹ֫נּוּ קָטַ֫לְנוּ Stative paradigms * Qamets Hatuf

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs Stative verbs and the corresponding adjectives What’s the difference? None – distinguish by looking at the inflection and the context Stative verb – Qal pf. 3ms Adjective – masc. singular כָּבֵד To be heavy Heavy מָלֵא To be full Full טָמֵא To be unclean Unclean רָעֵב To be hungry hungry *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs 2.1 Two little but important words 1) The negative particle לֹא Perfect and imperfect verbs are negated w/ particle לֹא It is always place before the verb לֹא שְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־הַתּוֹרוֹת You did not observe the laws לֹא זָכַ֫רְתָּ אֶת־הַבְּרִית You did not remember the covenant *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs 2) The particle הִנֵּה The word הִנֵּה (alsoהֵן and הֶן־) usually translated as “behold”. This is only one of its nuances – it appears more than1000x in HB. May also take Type 1 pronominal suffixes E.g. הִנֵּ֫נִי/הִנְנִי (a) The particle הִנֵּה may be used to add emphasis וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהִנֵּה־טוֹב מְאֹד And God saw all that he had made, and behold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31) *

Qal Perfect – Strong verbs (b) to indicate immediate presence of someone or something w/ urgency וְהִנֵּה אָנֹכִי עִמָּךְ And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15) (c) to introduce a fact or situation on which subsequent statement id based וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל הִנֵּה שָׁמַעְתִּי בְקֹלְכֶם... And Samuel said to all of Israel, “Behold, I have listened to all …” (1 Sam 12:1) *

Hebrew Numbers Practice Homework Workbook p. 67, no:1-5 p. 68, no: 1-5 Workbook p. 69, no: 1-5 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 13) on words pp. 148-49 (13.15) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/