Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 (pgs. 116 – 135) Mrs. Einstein Biology Enriched

5.1 Biodiversity (pgs.116 – 121) Biodiversity - the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area. Currently there are 1.8 million identified species https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4

Three types of Biodiversity: Increases stability of an ecosystem Contributes to health of biosphere Three types of Biodiversity: Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity

3 Main Types of Biodiversity 1. Genetic Diversity: The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population Ex. Many different types of lady bugs! Genetic diversity increases the chances that some species will survive during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease. Think = within a species

3 Main Types of Biodiversity 2. Species Diversity: The number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community Ex. More different types of species live closer to the equator! THINK = between different species

Think – pair - share 1. population 2. ecosystem 3. species With the person sitting next to you, review the following terms: 1. population 2. ecosystem 3. species

3 Main Types of Biodiversity 3. Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere Ex. Ecosystem in Alaska has different abiotic factors to support Dall Sheep where an ecosystem in Peru in would have different abiotic factors to support a variety of birds.

Importance of Biodiversity Think – Pair - Share With the person sitting next to you, think of 5 ways we depend on the ecosystem.

Importance of Biodiversity A. Direct Economic Value: 1. Humans depend on plants and animals for food, clothing, medicine, and shelter. 2. Most of the world’s food crops come from just a few species Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic traits that might be needed to improve domestic crop species. Ex. Against disease, drought, etc. Teosinte plant https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tgNamjTRkk Domestic corn plant

Importance of Biodiversity A. Direct Economic Value (cont.): 3. Genetic Engineering: Able to transfer genes from one species into other species Ex. Insect resistant crops 4. Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases. Ex. Penicillin – extracted from bread mold Ex. Madagascar Periwinkle used to treat leukemia Madagascar periwinkle

Importance of Biodiversity B. Indirect Economic Value: 1. A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth 2. Green plants provide oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide 3. Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use. An economic study revealed that improving the biodiversity in the ecosystem would help clean NYC water supply and would be less expensive than using technology to perform the same service.

Think – Pair – Share 5.1 Summative Questions 1. Give a brief definition, in your own words, of “biodiversity.” 2. List the three different kinds of biodiversity. 3. What parts of the Earth have the greatest biodiversity? 4. What is the relationship between diversity and latitude?

Think – Pair – Share Sample Test Questions

DO Now Why are the bees dying? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKQNx0av7eY

5.2 Threats to Biodiversity pgs. 122-128 I. Extinction Rates: The gradual process of species becoming extinct is known as background extinction.

Extinction Rate Facts Some scientists predict that 1/3 to 2/3 of all plant and animal species will become extinct during the second half of this century. Some Scientists estimate the current extinction rate to be 1000x the normal background extinction rate. About 12% of the 9,934 known bird species and 20% of the 5,416 known mammalian species in the world are threatened with extinction. About 20% of known freshwater fish in the world have either become extinct during historical times or are seriously threatened. About 32% of all known amphibian species are either near extinction or endangered. Of the approximately 20,000 plant species in the US, 200 species have become extinct since dependable records have been kept and 730 species are endangered or threatened.

I. Extinction Rates (cont.) Mass extinction is an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time

Most Recent Extinctions

II. Factors that Threaten Biodiversity The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species — Homo sapiens. Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions. Depleting the natural resources organisms needs to survive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zPcR7wgh0c

II. Factors that affect biodiversity A. overexploitation B. Habitat Loss C. Fragmentation of Habitat D. Pollution E. Introduced Species

A. Overexploitation Overexploitation: excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction Ex. Bison Passenger Pigeons Rhinoceros Rhinoceros https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47m_BaO34h8

B. Habitat Loss If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die 1. Destruction of Habitat: Clearing or destruction of an entire habitat 2. Disruption of Habitat: The declining a population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem ex. overfishing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LjITojaXBc

C. Fragmentation of habitat Habitat Fragmentation: the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer species it can support. Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area.

C. Fragmentation of habitat Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges—creating edge effects.

D. Pollution Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability. 1. Biological magnification: the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

1. Biomagnification (cont.) DDT - found in pesticides PCBs - used insulates electrical equipment Mercury -used in meteorological equipment

2. Acid Precipitation Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients.

3. Eutrophication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LAT1gLMPu4 Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other nitrogen/phosphorous rich compounds flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth Algae use the oxygen supply during their rapid growth, thus causing organisms in the water to suffocate Algae can also release toxins Human activities have accelerated the rate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LAT1gLMPu4

THINK – Pair – Share Your friend tells you that a good way to increase biodiversity is by intentionally introducing a species to a new environment because the introduced species increases the species richness of that area by one species. Do you agree or disagree with your friend’s statement?

E. Introduced Species Introduced Species: Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat. Usually becomes an “invasive species”. Example: Cane Toads in Australia!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI8IiLqIEV0

5.2 Sample Test Questions

5.2 Sample Test Questions

5.3 Conservation Biology pgs. 129-135 I. Natural Resources The consumption rate of natural resources is not evenly distributed. Which County uses the most natural resources? The least?

Thinking Questions… 1. How can we reduce the amount of natural resources we use? 2. What the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource? 3. List 2 renewable resources and 2 nonrenewable resources.

Renewable Resources vs. Nonrenewable Resources Geothermal energy Solar energy Wind energy Hydropower Biomass Fossil fuels Crude Oil Nuclear fuels (uranium) Propane

Sustainable Use Sustainable Use: The using of resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere

II. Protecting Biodiversity Yellowstone National Park was the first national park! Currently, about 7% of the world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve.

A. Biodiversity Hot Spots Endemic Species: Species that are only found in that one geographical area Biodiversity Hot Spot: 1. At least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic. 2. The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat. These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s surface, however, only about 1/10 that habitat remains.

Biodiversity Hot Spots

B. Corridors Between Habitat Fragments Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragments

III. Restoring Ecosystem The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover.

III. Restoring Ecosystem A. Bioremediation: The use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oYTRVLPb3E

III. Restoring Ecosystem B. Biological Augmentation: Adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem Ladybugs help control aphid populations. Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control

5.3 Summative Questions 1. Which resource is nonrenewable? agricultural plants clean water forest timber mineral deposits 2. For which human activity is sustainable use not possible? farming logging oil drilling commercial fishing 3. Which is an example of bioremediation? replanting trees in an area affected by acid rain using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill enacting a law that protects endangered amphibians introducing natural predators to control a crop Pest