Independence Movements India! Middle East! Africa! Latin America!

Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49

Africa and Asia in 1900

Indian Independence, 1905-1947 The Land and the People Classes and Languages – growth created pressures, less land Peasants (majority) – over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) – protected English = common language of western educated Religion – Hindu center with Muslim sides

Indian Independence, 1905-1947 British Rule and Indian Nationalism Viceroy & Indian Civil Service Indian National Congress – founded in 1885 1905 – British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east 1906 – All-India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1911 – Brits moved capital – Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up call Indian Steel Industry – symbolic hope for independence WWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence 1919 – Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed 1919 – Amritsar Massacre – Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200

The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947 Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence Mahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South Africa Ahimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedience Wore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority) Salt March to protest British tax on salt When jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular.

The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947 India moves toward independence Jawaharlal Nehru – Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial India Viceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting Indians WWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protest

The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947 Partition and Independence (post WWII) Muhammad Ali Jinnah – demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims 1947 – two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deaths Kashmir – Hindu maharajah, Muslim people – still a hotspot today

Partition

Middle East: Turkey Treaty of Sèvres Allies had plans Ottoman Empire gave up much of its territory Allies had plans distribute land to Greece & other countries Turks fought these plans land given up by Ottoman Empire included homeland of ethnic Turks

Middle East: Turkey Kemal Mustafa (aka: Kemal Atatürk) October 1923 WWI hero, who led Turks against Allied plans October 1923 Turks had already defeated Greeks announced establishment of Turkey Greeks sent to claim their territory

Middle East: Turkey Kemal Mustafa changed to Kemal Atatürk Atatürk means “Father of the Turks” government in Turkey was TOTALLY SECULAR government had nothing to do with & was not influenced by religion

Middle East: Persia/Iran 1921  Reza Khan led overthrow of shah 1925  Khan became shah himself 1935  Persia becomes Iran

Middle East: French Mandate(s) Syria & Lebanon 1916  Husayn bin Ali led Arab nationalists against Ottoman control wanted an independent Arab nation

Middle East: British Mandate(s) Palestine & Iraq Palestine Jewish national movement = Zionism wanted a Jewish homeland 1921  Transjordan cut out of Palestine supported by 1917 Balfour Declaration

Middle East: British Mandate(s) Palestine & Iraq Iraq Husayn bin Ali’s son, Faisal = King of Iraq

The British had occupied Egypt in 1882. Egypt vs. Britain The British had occupied Egypt in 1882. Egyptians’ dissent began in the early 1900’s, vying to expose the British monopolies within the bureaucracy. British arrogance and superiority was seen in events like the Dinshawai Incident and the killing of pigeons in rural areas.

Egypt vs. Britain After WWI, the Ottoman Empire disappeared. By 1923, an independent Turkish republic had been established. French and British forces occupied much of the Middle East, even after promises for Arab independence. Syria, Iraq and Lebanon were carved out in the League of Nations. Movements for Jewish occupation in Palestine were seen after WWI, but Turks were promised independence after the war.

Egypt vs. Britain During the war, the British defended the Suez Canal and used critical resources from Egypt in the war. After protests, British withdrawal began in 1922 and didn’t end until British withdrawal of the Suez Canal in 1936. Even though Egypt had independence, Egyptian politicians were concerned more with power and wealth, than with helping the poor.

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes African Farmers – few profit from high price cocoa & palm oil African Health – modern technology brought, migrant workers spread disease

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Religious and Political changes Christianity & Islam schools – Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South) Islam fit more with traditional African polygamy Senegal – Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly – advocate for African rights African National Congress – founded by western educated Africans to defend interests Africa in WWII – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians, Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence

Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 President Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR) PNR – collection point for working out ideas of revolution President Cardenas – redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industry Art flourishes – murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo

Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Transformation of Argentina Most of Argentina pampas = flat fertile land Oligarquia – ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos Aires British allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goods

Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Brazil & Argentina to 1929 Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubber Rio de Janeiro the city of choice Collapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect Hipolito Irigoyen US replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goods Post WWI – Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industry South America still lags behind US & European technologically

Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil Argentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problems Getulio Vargas (a bad loser) – coup, puts Brazil on industrial path The environment – Favelas (slums) occupy hillsides Vargas’s legacy – when failing to win reelection, another coup = Caudillo

Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Argentina after 1930 Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943) Eva Peron champions the descamisados (“shirtless ones” – urban workers) Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.