Laboratory development of an autonomic parking management system PhD Eng. Razvan Andrei Gheorghiu, Senior Lecturer PhD Eng. Valentin Iordache, Assistant Lecturer PhD Eng. Angel Ciprian Cormos, Senior Lecturer “Politehnica” University of Bucharest

Overview Introduction Parking system architecture Parking system functions Scenario description Ground conditions Local system architecture Software description Implemented self-* properties

Autonomic systems Self-Awareness Self-Configuration Self-Optimization Self-Healing Self-Protection Context Awareness Open Intelligence

Parking system architecture Traffic Management System Public Transport Management System Parking System Coordinator Local Parking Management system Local Sensors and Actuators

Parking system functions managing parking spaces; offering information about free/occupied parking spaces; surveillance of the parking lot; guiding drivers to a free space; detecting vehicles and vehicle’s movement; activation of guiding signs; access barriers operation.

Scenario description

Ground conditions (because of the small scale representation and some hardware/software limitations) Movement inside the parking lot is permitted only to one vehicle at a time. As a result, entrance is not permitted if another vehicle is moving inside (to a free space or to the exit). Entrance is permitted if no free spaces are available and vehicle will be guided to the exit. Movement is allowed only in one direction, without turnings.

Local System Architecture

Software description Procedure for activating sensors Procedure for gathering data from sensors Detection of two consecutive sensor errors Procedure for calculation of free spaces number on system initialization Algorithm for path selection when a vehicle wants to exit parking lot Algorithm for barrier 1 opening and path selection when a vehicle activates "access sensor 1“ Algorithm for barrier 1 opening and path selection when access sensor 1 is in error state Algorithms for the paths to parking spaces Algorithm for the path from entrance to exit of the parking lot Algorithms for the paths from parking spaces to exit of the parking lot Entrance message display

Implemented self-* properties Automatic allocation of free parking spaces was implemented in the software, the algorithm being presented in part 6 of previous chapter. Automatic guidance of drivers to a free parking space or to the exit if none are available was implemented in the software, the algorithm being presented in part 8 of previous chapter. Automatic reallocation of free parking spaces if a driver fails to park on the designated one was implemented in the software, the algorithm being presented also in part 8 of previous chapter.

Implemented self-* properties (cont.) Automatic sensor functionality checking was implemented in the software, the algorithm being presented in parts 2 and 3 of previous chapter. Estimation of a vehicle position when a sensor fails, using data from neighbor sensors, the algorithms being presented in parts 6 and 7 of previous chapter. Basic differentiation between vehicles and pedestrians was not implemented. The main reason is that this would be possible (under certain condition) only by using two sensors for each position, instead of one, which will increase the cost of the system and the complexity of the software.

Conclusions The Arduino boards completed their task successfully. However, they will be sometime unsuitable for use in real application because of the I2C communication limited distance. The ultrasonic sensors, were a problematic choice to use for vehicle detection: The wide area of detection, which in a real case is very useful, was a big problem for a small scale testing board. The number of errors in distance measurement was relatively high. The difficulty to differentiate between detection of a vehicle and detection of other moving objects or pedestrians.

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