Chapter 5: Cell structure & function Unit 4 cells: the basic theory of life

Section 5-2: the cell structure Name the 3 structures common to most cells. Discuss the structure & function of the nucleus. Distinguish between the cell membrane & the cell wall in both structure & function. Vocabulary: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, eukaryote, prokaryote, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosome, cytoplasm 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Biology: Cell Structure & Function cells vary in shape & size structures common to most cells: cell membrane outer boundary of cell nucleus (only in eukaryotes) control center cytoplasm material between cell membrane & nucleus 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: cell Membrane cell (plasma) membrane cell structure that regulates passage of materials between cell & its environment; aid in protection & support of cell 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: cell Membrane cell (plasma) membrane cell structure that regulates passage of materials between cell & its environment; aid in protection & support of cell 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: cell Membrane composed of several organic molecules lipids - double layer of lipid molecules (bilayer) forms basic unit from which cell membrane is constructed proteins - stick to surface of lipid bilayer. Others free to move around within layer. Some free-moving act as channel through which molecules can pass. Others act like pumps, actively pushing molecules from one side of membrane to other. carbohydrates - attached to proteins or lipids at membrane surface. Many act like chemical identification cards, allowing cells to recognize & interact with each other. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: cell wall cell wall – cell structure that surrounds cell membrane for protection & support in plants, algae, fungi & some bacteria very porous - water, oxygen, CO2, & other substances pass through easily cell wall – surrounds plasma membrane of cell in plants, bacteria, & fungi Plant cell walls contain cellulose while fungi cell walls contain chitin. Picture of Lily Parenchyma cell. The cell wall which provides a rigid structure is in green. Copyright Daniel Kunkel 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: Nucleus nucleus - organelle that controls the cell’s activities & contains DNA Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of a rat liver cell nucleus. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: Nucleus parts of nucleus: nuclear envelope - 2 membranes that surround nucleus of a cell nucleolus - cell structure that contains RNA & proteins; where ribosomes are made chromosomes - threadlike structure in a cell that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next chromatin – long, tangled strands of DNA Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of a rat liver cell nucleus. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: Nucleus Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of a rat liver cell nucleus. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: Nucleus Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of a rat liver cell nucleus. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure: cytoplasm cytoplasm – (jelly-like) area between nucleus & cell membrane of a cell surrounds organelles 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cell structure REVIEW QUESTIONS Distinguish between prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Why is this distinction important? What are the 3 basic structures found in most cells? What is the function of the cell membrane? 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Chapter 5: Cell structure & function Unit 4 cells: the basic theory of life

Section 5-3: Cytoplasmic organelles Define organelle. Compare the functions of the mitochondria & chloroplasts. Discuss the function of the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. Name the two major components of the cytoskeleton & discuss their importance. Vocabulary: organelle, mitochondrion, chloroplast, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole, plastid, cytoskeleton 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles organelle – tiny cell structure that performs a specialized function within the cell 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles cellular activities necessary for life include chemical reactions that facilitate: acquiring energy reproduction adaptation maintaining homeostasis 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts “Power Stations” - change energy from 1 form to another mitochondria – organelle that changes chemical energy stored in food into compounds that can be used by the cell 2 membranes – inner membrane increases surface area cristae – internal compartments formed by inner membrane chloroplast – organelle that converts sunlight into chemical energy in plants & algae 3 membranes – 3rd sun’s radiant energy  chemical energy contains chlorophyll – green pigment that traps light energy chloroplast are larger & more complex than mitochondria. 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts chloroplast - site of photosynthesis mitochondria - site of cellular respiration 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: ribosomes “Protein Factories” ribosomes – organelles in which proteins are made smallest of organelles assembled in nucleolus composed of RNA & protein some attached to membranes while others free in cytoplasm free in cytoplasm: makes proteins for use w/in cell attached to RER- makes proteins for export out of cell 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi Apparatus “Manufactures & Shippers” endoplasmic reticulum – complex network that transports materials throughout the inside of a cell 2 types: smooth & rough smooth - storage of special enzymes & chemicals; contains enzymes for phospholipid synthesis rough – involved in synthesis of proteins (ribosomes stuck to it) Golgi apparatus – organelle that modifies, collects, packages, & distributes molecules made at one location of the cell & used at another newly made lipids & proteins from E.R. repackaged & shipped to plasma membrane 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Golgi Apparatus 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: RER & Golgi Apparatus 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Lysosomes “Cleanup Crews” (& Storage) lysosome – organelle that contains chemicals & enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell not found in plant cells removes junk (i.e. organelles that have outlived their usefulness) that might accumulate & clutter the cell can fuse with vacuoles to digest food or worn cell parts 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Vacuoles & Plastids “Storage Tanks” vacuole – organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates stores food, fluid, waste products plants have a large central vacuole for water storage unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for movement plastid – plant cell organelle involved in storage of food and pigments can take many forms (like chloroplast) i.e. leukoplasts ( store starch granules) & chromoplasts (store pigment molecules) 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Cytoskeleton “Framework” (& attached locomotion structures) cytoskeleton – framework of the cell composed of a variety of filaments & fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement composed of a variety of filaments & fibers that support cell structure & drive cell movement. microtubules (hollow tubes made of proteins) – support, move organelles through cell, role in cell division by forming centrioles (animal & eukaryotic cells but not in plants) cilia & flagella – help move microfilaments – (solid filaments of protein) movement & support of cell 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: cytoskeeton 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles: Cytoskeleton Cell Division centrioles play role in cell division (splitting of cell into 2 cells) found in animal and fungi cells made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles composed of protein 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function

Cytoplasmic organelles REVIEW QUESTIONS What are organelles? Give 2 examples of organelles. How do lysosomes function to digest particles? Compare mitochondria & chloroplasts. What components make up the cytoskeleton? 6/17/2018 Biology: Cell Structure & Function