CELLS Structure & Function Review

Small structure in a cell that performs a specific function 1. Tell the 3 of the parts of the cell theory. *All living things are made of cells. *Cells are the basic units of structure & function in an organism * Cells are produced from existing cells. Small structure in a cell that performs a specific function organelle

2. What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters or leaves cell; When DNA is spread out in the nucleus of a cell of non-dividing cells it is called ____________. chromatin

prokaryotes 3. Bacteria are ______________ prokaryotes eukaryotes

4. Name the Cell PEOPLE Robert Hooke Van Leeuwenhoek German zoologist who concluded all animals are made of cells _______________________ English scientist who 1st saw “little boxes” in cork and called them cells ___________________ Dutch microscope maker who was first to observe LIVING cells _____________ Theodor Schwann Robert Hooke Van Leeuwenhoek

5. Tell which part does it? Cell membrane Centrioles Lysosomes Mitochondria Burns glucose ____________________ Controls what enters or leaves the cell ___________________ Pulls chromosomes during cell division __________________ Digests unwanted substances or cell parts _______________ Makes proteins ______________________ Contains chromatin ___________________ Cell membrane Centrioles Lysosomes Ribosomes Nucleus

6. This storage space is a ___________. vacuole

7. All cells except bacteria are ____________. prokaryote eukaryote 8. This organelle is the ____________ Rough ER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html

10. Name the organelle which is called the “power plant” of the cell 9. Name two organelles that assists with movement Cilia , flagella 10. Name the organelle which is called the “power plant” of the cell because it provides energy mitochondrion

Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center. 11. Cells that have a cell membrane but NOT a nuclear membrane are ________________ prokaryotes Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center. nucleus

Phospholipids & proteins 12. Cell membranes are made of these 2 main kinds of molecules. Phospholipids & proteins Name two other kinds of molecules are found in an animal cell membrane Sugars and steroids

13. Name the dark spot in the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are made. nucleolus Membranes that allow certain molecules to pass through and not others are said to be ___________________ permeable. Selectively OR semi-

14. Tell which part does it? Mitochondria chromatin Rough ER Smooth ER Makes lipids for membranes _____________ Stores energy as ATP ___________________ Spread out DNA __________________ Modifies & transports proteins made on its ribosomes ____________________ Regulates calcium levels in muscle cells ________________ Supports and protects plant cells ___________________ Proteins are made on the __________ in a cell. Mitochondria chromatin Rough ER Smooth ER Cell wall ribosomes

15. In what kind of cell would you expect to see chromatin? dividing non-dividing Non-dividing 16. Thylakoid stacks would be seen inside _____________________ Mitochondria Golgi bodies chloroplasts chloroplasts

17. What’s the function? Make proteins support; protection Mitochondria ____________________ Ribosomes ___________________ Cell wall __________________ Golgi bodies ____________________ Centrioles ________________ Smooth ER ___________________ burn glucose; make ATP Make proteins support; protection Package molecules for storage or export Pull chromosomes apart during cell division Make steroids in gland cells; regulate calcium in muscle cells; Break down toxins in liver

18. This structure is a __________ flagellum

19. Tell which part does it? nuclear envelope Cilia or flagella Mitochondria Makes ATP ____________________ Controls what enters or leaves the nucleus _________________ Help cell move __________________ Modify, sort, & package substances for transport _________________ Makes ribosomes ______________________ Control center of cell ___________________ nuclear envelope Cilia or flagella Golgi bodies nucleolus Nucleus

20. Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. Cilia- many, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer

21. Label the parts of the animal cell. CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRIA NUCLEUS VACUOLE D. C. A. E.

22. Label the parts of the plant cell. A. CYTOPLASM B. CELL MEMBRANE C. MITOCHONDRIA D. NUCLEUS E. VACUOLE F. CELL WALL G. CHLOROPLAST B. C. D. E. G. F.

23. Tell which part does it? cytoskeleton flagella cristae chloroplast Contains genetic info __________________ Give cell shape/support ____________ Few, long structures for locomotion __________________ Provide more surface area inside mitochondria _________________ Place for photosynthesis __________________ Large storage space ___________________ nucleus cytoskeleton flagella cristae chloroplast vacuole

Membrane bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. 24. Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached is called _________ ER. rough Membrane bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. lysosome

This organelle makes ATP. mitochondrion 25. Because the phospholipids in a cell membrane form 2 layers it is called a _____________. bilayer

26. _________ ER does NOT have ribosomes attached smooth The _______________ is made of microfilaments and microtubules and helps the cell to maintain its shape. cytoskeleton

27. The yellow part of this phospholipid molecule stays on the outside of the bilayer next to the water environment because it is ______________. polar nonpolar polar

Pancake-like stack of membranes that modify, sort, &package substances 28. What is the job of the ribosomes? Make proteins Pancake-like stack of membranes that modify, sort, &package substances for transport. Golgi body

29. Tell which part does it? Mitochondria chromosomes Nuclear pores smooth ER Breaks down toxins ____________________ Power plant ___________________ Scrunched up DNA __________________ Allows molecules in & out of nucleus ____________________ Sacs inside chloroplasts ________________ Supports and protects bacterial cells ___________________ Mitochondria chromosomes Nuclear pores thylakoids Cell wall

http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC040844/animalcells.htm 30. Name the two types of proteins in the drawing. A. Integral B. Surface

31. What is the function of the Rough ER? Modify and transport molecules made by its ribosomes 32. This organelle is a _____________ Golgi Body http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.htm

33. What’s the function? Contain DNA; control center modify/transport proteins rough ER ____________________ nucleus ___________________ cytoskeleton __________________ cell membrane ____________________ chloroplast ________________ vacuole ___________________ nucleolus ________________________ Contain DNA; control center support; give shape Control what enters/leaves cell photosynthesis Stores water, food, molecules, waste Make RNA for ribosomes

Name the folded membranes found inside mitochondria 34. Name the sacs found inside chloroplasts that contain the molecules for photosynthesis thylakoids Name the folded membranes found inside mitochondria cristae

35. The blue part of this phospholipid is the hydrocarbon 35. The blue part of this phospholipid is the hydrocarbon. It stays away from water because it is ______________. polar nonpolar Non polar

36. Tell what this molecule does http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm 36. Tell what this molecule does “self” identification 37.Tell what this molecule does Store and transfer energy

38. Put in order of increasing size: Organ cell organ system organism tissue _______ _________  _________ _____________  ______________ organ cell tissue organ system organism

39. Put the following cells in order of decreasing size: Bacterium Plant cell Animal cell _________ ________  _________ small smaller smallest Plant Animal Bacterium

FALSE; All cells have a cell membrane on the outside 40. True or False Bacteria don’t have a CELL membrane. FALSE; All cells have a cell membrane on the outside 41.Name one of the functions of Smooth ER Make lipids for membranes, regulate calcium levels, Break down toxic substances

42. A group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function are called a _______________ tissue

43. Tell one way plant cells and animal cells are alike? Both: are eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane have membrane bound organelles have a cell membrane have DNA in multiple chromosomes

44. Tell one way plant cells and bacterial cells are alike? Both: have a cell wall have a cell membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes

45. Tell one way animal cells and bacterial cells are alike? Both: have a cell membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes The amount of force the vacuole exerts against the cell wall Full vacuole = high turgor pressure =

46. What is turgor pressure? The amount of force the vacuole exerts against the cell wall Full vacuole = high turgor pressure

47. Name the two types of transport in living things. requires no energy _____________ TRANSPORT requires energy PASSIVE ACTIVE

48. What happens in passive transport? molecules move from ______ concentration to ______concentration. _______________ HIGH LOW DIFFUSION

EQUILIBRIUM _________________. 49. In diffusion particles keep moving until concentration is equal. This is called _________________. EQUILIBRIUM

50. List two molecules that pass through bilayer by DIFFUSION oxygen, carbon dioxide Ex.___________________

OSMOSIS 51. Movement of water molecules through a membrane is called _____________ OSMOSIS

OSMOSIS 52. When the Concentration outside cell equals the concentration inside the cell is said to be ____________. isotonic STAYS THE SAME SIZE

OSMOSIS 53. When the concentration outside the cell is greater than inside, solution is said to be ____________________ When the cell shrinks it is called _____________ HYPERTONIC PLASMOLYSIS

OSMOSIS 54. When the concentration is less outside than inside it is in a ______________ solution. If the cell expands and bursts it is called ___________________ HYPOTONIC CYTOLYSIS

55. Describe FACILITATED DIFFUSION. PASSIVE (No energy needed) HIGHER TO LOWER CARRIER PROTEINS GRAB & FLIP IT ACROSS EXAMPLE: _________________ GLUCOSE

56. Describe ION CHANNELS PASSIVE (No energy needed) HIGHER TO LOWER CARRIER PROTEINS MAKE A PASSAGEWAY Examples in cells: _______________________ Na+ , Cl- , Ca + + , K +

57. List three types of active transport. ALL REQUIRE ATP SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS

58. Describe SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP ACTIVE (Uses energy) USES CARRIER PROTEIN Examples in cells: 3 Na+ pumped & 2 K + into cells

59. Explain and draw Endocytosis Brings substances into cell ACTIVE VESICLES CARRY MOLECULES INTO CELL Fluid, molecules = Pinocytosis large particles or whole cells = Phagocytosis Macrophages engulf invaders

60. Explain and draw Exocytosis 60. Explain and draw Exocytosis. Substances are released outside of cell ACTIVE VESICLES CARRY & RELEASE MOLECULES Examples in cells: GOLGI BODIES release packaged proteins

61. Why does surface area to volume play such a big part in cell success? Limited in size by the RATIO between their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume.  A small cell has more efficient diffusion of nutrients into the cell and efficient diffusion of waste out This is important because the nutrients, oxygen, and other materials a cell requires must enter through it surface.  As a cell grows larger at some point its surface area becomes too Small to allow these materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the cell's need.

Cells are Small Reason 2: THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE CYTOPLASM.