Standard 5

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 Pyramid of Energy Heat 0.1% Consumers Illustrates that the amount of available energy _______ at each succeeding trophic level. Heat 1% Consumers 10% Consumers decreases Heat 100% Producers Heat Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at each level. Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 Pyramid of Numbers Shows that population sizes ________ at each higher trophic level. Fox (1) Birds (25) decreases Grasshoppers (250) Grasses (3000) Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 Pyramid of Biomass The total weight of living matter at each trophic level. It represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level. 1 kilogram of human tissue 10 kilograms of beef 100 kilograms of grain Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Which level of this food pyramid represents the largest biomass? Bass Algae Minnows Copepods

7 Food Web Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles) Pronghorn antelope Gambel quail Jackrabbit Desert tortoise Coyote (top carnivore) Prickly pear cactus Long-tail weasel Roadrunner Kangaroo rat (seed eater) ants Mojave rattlesnake Red spotted toad Texas horned lizard Mexican whiptail lizard Section 2 Check

Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 8 The nitrogen cycle Nitrogen in the atmosphere Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil. Dead plant matter Urine from animals Decomposing organisms Assimilated by plants Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen. Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogen-containing compounds are released. Released to the atmosphere Nitrogen compounds released into soils and acted upon by soil bacteria Converted to other nitrogen compounds by soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57

Victor knows that matter cycles through ecosystems Victor knows that matter cycles through ecosystems. He hypothesizes that the nitrogen in the air should also become part of a plant. To test this hypothesis, he writes an experimental design using a pea plant. These steps are found in his experimental design. 1. Add radioactively labeled nitrogen to the jar. 2. Place the potted pea plant in the bell jar with a valve and seal it. 3. Measure the amount of radioactive nitrogen in the plant tissues. 4. Leave the jar in the sunlight for three days. In what order should he perform these steps? A 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 – 4 B 3 – 2 – 1 – 4 – 3 C 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 3 D 3 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1

9 Water Cycle Condensation Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Runoff Evaporation Oceans Groundwater Chapter Assessment

Photosynthesis: autotrophs convert light energy to stored energy in sugars

Cellular respiration

Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224 Forming and Breaking Down ATP The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the ________________________. bonds are broken down P P P Adenosine Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P Adenosine Section 9.1 Summary – pages 221-224