Notes on Native American Rebellion and Cultural Adaptation in the New World APUSH Unit 1 Lesson 1.3

Spanish Colonization of the New World

Based on the encomienda system: Spanish America to 1610 Based on the encomienda system: Prominent Spanish men were granted Native American labor. These men extracted tribute from the Native Americans in exchange for “protection” and Catholicization

Goals of Spanish Colonization Gold of course, but also real colonization Sent men to establish outposts and cities Intermarried with native population Children of mixed and Spanish blood were called mestizo Goal Change in the second half of the 1500’s: focus changes from military conquest to Catholicization One example is missions in California Results: Spanish imposed their laws, religion, and culture on the area + reduced resistance (mostly)

Spanish Mission System Founded earlier in Mexico and then spread throughout the Americas Settlements for the spreading of Spanish culture and Catholicism Planted many crops from Europe Spread disease too… Enslaved the surrounding Native Americans (required tribute and work on the Spanish lands) and harshly punished them for retaining traditional beliefs Mission San Francisco de lea Espada 1690

Cultural Change for Those Under Spanish Rule In the areas of direct colonization, many of the women Native Americans who survived the early years of Spanish rule were married into the new Spanish society and became a part of the culture of New Spain; many of the men were enslaved Native Americans who existed outside the colonizing area of Spain (like the Pueblo) were coerced into assuming the Spanish culture, but many traditional parts of their Native American culture remained

Native American Resistance: Pueblo

Juan de Onate One of the first explorers with the goal of Catholicization Took over the Pueblo in New Mexico and imposed Spanish beliefs In 1598, after the Pueblo killed 11 Spanish when the Spanish demanded supplies the Pueblo needed for the winter, Onate retaliated with the Acoma War. 800 villagers were killed . The remaining adult men had a foot amputated and the women were enslaved

Pueblo Revolt of 1680 / Pope’s Rebellion Forced the Spanish out of New Mexico for 12 years When the Spanish returned, the Pueblo were able to maintained more rights: Pueblo were able to practice their traditional religion A public defender was appointed to argue for Native Americans in Spanish courts

Early Slavery in the New World

Slavery in South American and the Caribbean The Portuguese brought the earliest African slaves to the New World beginning in 1502 These slaves were forced to work in mines and sugar plantations in Brazil and had a very high mortality rate from their horrible conditions Soon this practice of enslaving Africans to work on sugar plantations spread to the Caribbean, but kidnapped Africans were also enslaved throughout the New World

Some of these slaves began to run away from their enslavement and join and intermarry with the Native populations Large groups of these began to form on Caribbean Islands and these colonies became known as Maroons Maroon communities existed wherever slavery was prevalent including: the Caribbean, Suriname, and the Dismal Swamp (VA/NC border) to name a few Maroons / Cimarróns

Cultural Adaptation of African Slaves The Atlantic Slave Trade brought Africans from many different backgrounds together under Christian Spanish (and later other Christian European) rule An amalgamation of different African traditions along with Christianity became the new culture of African slaves in the New World