Demand for educated individuals: In mediaeval government As result of church reform In commerce

11th c. Increasing numbers of Classical works and works upon these passing into Europe in Arabic/Hebrew translations c. 1200 Arabic (Hindi) numerals being used in Europe

1079 Bishops required to institute teaching of liberal arts at cathedral schools By 1179 Church requiring all cathedrals and many other institutions to maintain schools Other educational institutions: Baronial households Guilds

Universitas Bologna Paris Oxford

11th c. Italian lawyers studying law more deeply, incl. Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian (r. 527-65) Major figures at Bologna: Pepo (late 11th c.) Gratian - Decretum (c. 1140) Irnerius (1050-c. 1130) Four faculties by 12th c.: rhetoric, civil law, canon law, medicine (following Salerno)

Nations: Cismontane (Italians) Ultramontane (everyone else) Led by elected rectors

Notre Dame de Paris Before end 12th c. Masters at Paris form a guild 1200 King grants privileges to the university Four nations: France, Normandy, Picardy, England, each headed by proctor By mid-13th c. University elects rector: head of Faculty of Arts. Also faculties of Theology, Canon Law, Medicine

Map Link: Nations of the University of Paris: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/ 02/Four_nations_university_Paris.png/464px- Four_nations_university_Paris.png>

Early 12th c. Visiting scholars from Bologna and Paris lecturing at Oxford 1167 Henry II orders English scholars at Paris to return to England Late 12th c. Scholars and students active at Oxford 1214 University elects chancellor Early 13th c. Founding of Cambridge University

Padua (1222) Naples (1224) Toulouse (1230) Spain/Portugal (end 13th c.)

Map Link: Medieval Universities: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/671px- Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg>

Seeking independence from lay and ecclesiastical jurisdiction Seeking control of curriculum Entry requirements: Latin trivium (grammar, logic/dialectic, rhetoric). 2 grammar, 5 logic  Bachelor of Arts at Paris “hearing”

quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy). 5-6 years  Master of Arts Leave, teach, or study for degree in law, medicine, or theology Disputations Quodlibets (“whatever you like”) Theology: “queen of sciences”

Early 12th c. Translation of Euclid’s Geometry into Latin Arabic numerals  trigonometry, algebra arithmetic Works of Aristotle transforming logic Arabic works on medicine

Decrees of popes and general councils informing theology and canon law 1234 Decretals of Pope Gregory IX compiled Early 14th c. Compilation of Corpus Juris Canonici

1258 Foundation of the Sorbonne by Robert de Sorbon, confessor to Louis IX, at Paris 1264 Walter of Merton founds Merton College, Oxford. At about the same time John Balliol founds Balliol College 1284 Foundation of Peterhouse College, Cambridge

Jacques de Vitry (btw. 1160 and 1170-1240 ) Priest, preacher, eventually bishop, then cardinal Vocal supporter of church and crusades Various works, incl. Historia Orientalis (History of the East)

John of Garland (c. 1180-c. 1252) Grammarian and poet, influential in development of medieval Latin Spent much of life in France Various works, incl. Morale Scholarium (The Morality of Students)

Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.: Seeking to understand natural world Value of reason Revival of Classical works and Arabic studies thereof Emergence of dialectic Pondering individual’s position in world

Natural Philosophy: Humans’ relationship to world and God Studies of Genesis Use of Classical texts leading to use of dialectic

Dialectic: Pioneered by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Transfer of Arabic works using it to Europe - possibly influential Used in e.g. law and theology How do we prove that God exists?

Anselm of Bec (c. 1034-1109) Monk, eventually abbot of Bec c. 1077 Asked to prove existence of God without using scripture. Addressed topic in Proslogion: “ontological proof.” Refuted by Gaunilo, “On Behalf of the Fool” 1093 Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Son of a Breton knight. Studied under William of Champeaux Fell out with master, taught philosophy, then studied theology under Anselm of Laon Fell out with master, taught theology, in Paris from 1113

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Affair with Heloise, niece of Fulbert, canon of Cathedral of Notre Dame Astrolabe

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Abelard enters abbey of St Denis Heloise also enters an abbey as a nun Correspondence

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Abelard quarrels with monks of St Denis, then in 1121 is condemned by church council. Seeks to live as hermit, but followed by students 1126 Becomes abbot of St Gildas, Brittany 1133 Flees St Gildas. Subsequently teaches in Reims, then Paris

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) 1141 Condemned by church council at instigation of Bernard of Clairvaux. Sets out for Rome to appeal to pope but falls ill en route. Takes refuge at Cluny. Dies at Cluny in 1142 History of My Adversities (1132-33)

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Dialectic (1121-25) Sic et Non

Universals: Platonic Realism: There is a realm of forms where exist ideal archetypes of every quality or object (e.g. rose). Earthly objects as imperfect versions of ideal forms Nominalism: Universals are mere names invented by people

Universals: End 11th c. Roscellinus teaches extreme nominalism, while William of Champeaux teaches extreme Platonic realism Abelard teaches “conceptualism.” Universals as abstract concepts in mind, but also real things inhering in real objects

Works demonstrating contemplation of self and relationship to world