Plant Kingdom Chapters 21-23

General Plant Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (a polysaccharide) Large central vacuole Autotrophs/Producers (Photosynthesis)

Classification of Plants Same general classification Use the term Division instead of Phylum Botanists – scientists who study plants Link to animation

Plant Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups: Vascular & Non-Vascular Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called the Vascular System Vascular Bundles

Nonvascular vs. Vascular Nonvascular - plants that do NOT have specialized tissues that can move water and nutrients Must be small and low to ground Example: mosses Vascular - plants that DO have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients a) xylem- moves water b) phloem- moves food

Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes Require a constantly moist environment.

Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall (usually small) Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Includes mosses, liverworts & hornworts

Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars (food) made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used

Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots - Found above ground - Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant

Vascular Plants Divided into two groups: Seedless vascular plants Seed-bearing (seeded) vascular plants Club Moss

Seedless versus Seeded Vascular Plants - reproduce by spores - ex. Club mosses, whisk ferns Seed - - reproduce by seeds - ex. Angiosperm and Gymnosperm

Vascular Seed Plants Produce seeds (a plant structure that contains an embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is covered with a protective coat) Can be further divided into 2 groups: Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Gymnosperm Cone bearing plants (ex. Pine tree)

Angiosperm Flowering plants Make seeds in flowers Pollen produced in stamen (male) Ovules are made in ovary of the pistil (female) Pollen must travel from stamen’s anthers to the stigma

Diagram of Flower

Division of Angiosperms Monocot - 1 seed leaf, parallel lines in leaves, and flower parts in multiples of 3 Dicot - 2 seed leaves, branched or netted lines in leaves, flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Plant Parts Roots - underground, absorb water and nutrients Leaves - photosynthetic part, traps light, and gas exchange Cuticle - prevents water loss and protects against invading microorganisms

Stems - support structure Fruit - ovary surrounding the seed, protects seed Flower/ Petal - reproductive structure that produces pollen and seeds, promotes seed dispersion

Patterns of Plant Growth Annual - completes its life span in one year (grows and dies all in one year) Biennial – life span of two years Ex: carrots, beets, turnips Perennials - live for more than two years (trees and shrubs)

Seed Dispersal Animals - eat fleshy fruits and deposit seeds Air - must be light and designed to fly Water - coconuts drift and settle

Plant Responses Phototropism - grow towards light Gravitropism - roots grown down with pull of gravity

Plant Adaptations Need minerals - roots absorb H2O & minerals Gravity – cellulose in cell wall for support Increase in Height for Light – vascular transport system Adaptations for Drier environment – waxy cuticle

Why We Need Plants Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building, pulp for paper products Provide homes (habitat) and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards