Plants Why the world is green

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae Protista Fungi Animalia Vascular Nonvascular Seedless Angiosperm Gymnosperms Dicots Monocots

Nonvascular Mosses and liverworts No vascular tissue Grow near water Can't move water Water moved by OSMOSIS A form of DIFFUSION Grow near water Short No real roots

Vascular plants Have vascular tissue Water transported in XYLEM Can transport water Water transported in XYLEM Nutrients transported in PHLOEM Vascular tissue also helps support the plant Allows plants to grow taller

Gymnosperms Means naked seed Seeds are not enclosed in fruits Often found in cones Seeds in female cones fertilized by pollen from male cones Often have needle like leaves Often called evergreen plants Pine trees, hemlock, fir, cypress, ginkgo, conifer About 950 known species

Divisions of gymnosperm Plantae Vascular Gymnosperms Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Ginkophyta Gnetophyta

Cycadophyta (Cycads) Stems resemble thick trunks Some leaves resemble palms others resemble palms Only found in tropics and subtropics Examples: Cycas taiwaniana, sago Palm

Ginkgophyta Only one type of plant: Ginko biloba Fan shaped leaves drop in fall (not evergreens, deciduous) Fleshy cones, not woody Plant returned from the dead

Gnetophyta 3 genera of plant, Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia Ephedra live in dry areas Chinese ma huang, source of ephedrine Gnetum are woody vines, shrubs, and small trees in tropical and desert climates Welwitschia has only 1 species: the welwitschia from southwest Africa One large storage root and two large permanent leaves

Coniferophyta Mostly evergreen and shrubs found worldwide Largest variety of gymnosperm Male and female cones on same plant

Life of a gymnosperm Gametophyte stage is in the cones Sporophyte is dominant stage and is the plant itself Pollen (sperm) found on male cones Ovules (eggs) formed at the base of scales on larger female cones Pollen carried to female cones and grow a pollen tube into the ovule where two sperm are released. One will succeed in pollination After pollination, sporophyte zygote becomes and embryo and then seed within the cone. Seeds are protected by the cone until released and new sporophytes can grow.

Angiosperms Means seed vessel Flower and fruit bearing plants Flowers are reproductive organs Fruit is the plant ovum and placenta for the baby seeds 75-80% of plants are angiosperms called magnoliophyta

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae Protista Fungi Animalia Vascular Nonvascular Seedless Angiosperm Gymnosperms Dicots Monocots

Classes

Cotyledons First leaves of the new plant Used by embryo as food storage

Flowers Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant Male part is the stamen Made of tall, thin filament On top is the bulb-shaped anther (produces the pollen) The female part is the pistil Large part at the bottom is the ovary: holds the eggs which will turn into seeds, ovary will become the fruit The stalk is the style The style holds up the stigma: covered in hair or sticky material to trap pollen

Types of flowers Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils – complete flower Missing something – incomplete flower Stamen + pistil – perfect flower Missing one – imperfect flower

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae Protista Fungi Animalia Vascular Nonvascular Seedless Angiosperm Gymnosperms Dicots Monocots

Seedless plants Kingdom Plantae Vascular Seedless Bryophyta Pteridophyta

Bryophyta Nonvascular mosses Lack roots Have rhizoids Produces a capsule called the sporophyte which contains the spores

Ptridophyta Ferns Roots branch out from underground stems called rhizomes Clumps of spores on the underside of the leaf called sorus