Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation Biochemistry Free For All

Biological Energy Oxidation

Reaction Catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Oxidized Reduced Reaction Catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

Oxidation of NADH

Electrical and Chemical Potential

The Nernst Equation Overall, ΔG = -nFΔE

Electron Transport Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Complex II

Electron Movement Reaction

Ubiquinone 2e- + 2H+ Ubiquinol

Complex III

Cytochrome C Small, mobile peripheral protein Inner mitochondrial membrane Shuttles electrons between complexes III and IV Very conserved across all living systems

Note Note Note

Short-circuits System Alternative Oxidase Pathway of Plants, Fungi, Protozoa

Requirements for Electron Transport 1. Electron carriers (NADH/FADH2) 2. Oxygen

Electron Transport Inhibitors Complex I Complex I Complex III

Inhibit Inhibit Inhibit Cyanide Carbon Monoxide Azide Rotenone Amytal Antimycin A

Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive Oxygen Species 1. Non-enzymatic reactions 2. Damaging to cells (O2-) NO Superoxide + Nitric Oxide Peroxynitrite

Reactive Oxygen Species - Cellular Protection 1. Antioxidants a. Glutathione b. Vitamins A, C, E c. Uric acid 2. Enzymes a. Catalase b. Superoxide Dismutase

Catalase

Glutathione Reduced Form Oxidized Form

Superoxide Neutralization

Superoxide Dismutase

Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitchell’s Chemiosmotic Process 1. Intact inner mitochondrial membrane 2. Movement of electrons “pumps” protons 3. Proton gradient drives formation of ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport

ATP Synthase (Complex V)

ATP Synthase (Complex V)

Oxidative Phosphorylation Requirements 1. Proton Gradient 2. ADP

Oligomycin - ATP Synthase Inhibitor

Respiratory Control 1. Tightly coupled vs. Uncoupled 2. Requires intact mitochondrial inner membrane 3. ETS and oxidative phosphorylation are interdependent 4. Stopping either will stop the other

Respiratory Control

The “Magic” Diet Drug That Kills 2,4 Dinitrophenol (2,4 DNP)