10.1 Energy Transformation and Conservation Essential Questions: How Does Heat Affect a System? What Forms of Energy Are Related to Particles? How is Energy Conserved During a Transformation?

How Does Heat Affect a System? Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. All states of matter contain energy. A state is the form in which matter exists. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

How Does Heat Affect a System? When energy is added to a system, the temperature of substances in the system increases. When energy is removed form the system, temperatures decrease. If enough energy is added to or removed from the system, substances in the system will change state.

Solids A solid has particles that are closely packed and arranged orderly. This gives solids a definite shape and definite volume.

Liquids Liquids have particles that are not as tightly packed as solids and are able to flow past one another. This gives liquids a definite volume, but no definite shape.

Gasses A gas has neither a definite shape or volume. The particles in a gas are packed less tightly and are able to move independently of one another.

Fluids Liquids and gasses are both fluids since they are able to flow.

Temperature, Heat, and Energy Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a particle or group of particles. Heat is the transfer of energy. Energy naturally flows from a hotter object to a cooler object.

Changes of State Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.

Change of State To Solid Liquid Gas Plasma From Solid-solid transformation Melting /  fusion Sublimation — Freezing Boiling /  evaporation Deposition Condensation Ionization Recombination / deionization

Energy and Changes of State The two basic types of energy are: Potential Energy – The energy that results from the position or shape of an object. Kinetic Energy – The energy that results from the motions of an object.

Thermal Energy The total potential and kinetic energy of all of the particles in an object is called thermal energy. Thermal energy travels from hotter objects to cooler objects until they reach equilibrium. Changes or state are caused by changes in thermal energy.

What Forms of Energy Are Related to Particles? Forms of energy related to the particles of objects include nuclear energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, and chemical energy.

Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is a type of potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released during a nuclear reaction. Fission – Splitting a nucleus into many parts. Fusion – Joining two or more nuclei.

Thermal Energy Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy.

Electrical Energy This is the energy of electrical charge.

Electromagnetic Energy EM energy travels through space in waves that form from the vibrations of electrical charges.

Chemical Energy Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds , which hold groups of atoms (molecules) together. Breaking the bonds of a sugar molecule releases energy that you body uses for different processes.

Different Types of Energy Energy occurs in many forms, including: chemical energy thermal energy electromagnetic radiation gravitational energy electric energy elastic energy nuclear energy rest energy These can be categorized in two main classes: potential energy and kinetic energy. Some can be in both categories.

How is Energy Conserved During a Transformation? All forms of energy can be transformed into other forms of energy.

Single Transformations One form of energy can be transformed into another form to do work. Your body breaks the chemical bonds in sugar releasing the energy to allows your body to do work.

Multiple Transformations Often, a series of transformations is needed to do work. Car Engine – Electrical energy produces a spark. The spark ignites the fuel. Combusting fuel expands and presses on pistons. Moving pistons turn the wheels.

Kinetic and Potential Energy Potential and kinetic energy are always being converted into one another.

Energy Conservation Law of Conservation of Energy In a system, as energy is transformed it is neither lost nor created. Rather, energy is conserved.

Friction Friction is the force that one surface exerts on another surface when the two surfaces rub against one another. The energy of a system that is exposed to friction may decrease. But overall, energy in the system is neither lost nor created. In fact, the heat produced by friction is evidence that energy is conserved.