Chapter 11 Review

The “Revolution of 1800” Jefferson wins, Burr becomes VP Peaceful transfer of power among parties 12th Amendment Jefferson keeps virtually all of Hamilton’s policies in place (not excise tax) “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Emerging Judicial Branch Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new judgeships and other offices “Midnight Judges” Last minute appointments by Adams prior to leaving office JOHN MARSHALL (KNOW HIM AT ALL COSTS) Served 34 years INCREASED THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

More Judicial Branch Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Samuel Chase: Marbury sues Secretary of State Madison Part of Judiciary Act ruled unconstitutional ***SIGNIFICANCE*** Judicial Branch is the sole interpreter of the constitution Sets the precedent that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Samuel Chase: Impeached by Republicans – due to personality Found not guilty in the Senate Significance: No real serious attempt has been made to reshape S.C. by impeachment

The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson tries to buy NO from the French for $10 million. Livingston and Monroe are offered all of Louisiana for $15 million! Jefferson thought this was necessary to the country, but felt it was unconstitutional Role reversal of strict vs. loose interpretation US doubled in size

Aaron Burr Burr plotted a secession of New England Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel and kills him His political career is over, tries to separate western part of US Arrested and tried for treason. Found not guilty Flees to Europe and urges an alliance between France and England against US

A Precarious Neutrality America is caught between Britain and France Berlin Decree (1806): France would confiscate ships trading with Britain Orders in Council (1806): Britain’s response to France, forced ships trading with France to stop in Britain first to be loaded with goods IMPRESSMENT: Forcible enlistment of American merchants and sailors into the British navy Chesapeake Incident: British warship fires on American ship, kills 3, injures 18. Angers Americans greatly

The Hated Embargo Embargo Act of 1807: The plan backfired horrifically Forbade export of ALL goods from US, no matter the destination Intent was to make France and Britain respect America’s rights The plan backfired horrifically Economy of US takes a huge hit New England was hurt the most (Federalists are angry) Act revoked in 1809

Non-Intercourse Act: Positives of embargos? Reopened trade with all nations of the world, except Britain and France US economy is still hurting, needs those two large countries to trade with Positives of embargos? Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution are born Factories begin to pop up in New England Jefferson, who believed agriculture should be the main industry, helped spark industry (supported by Federalist Party)

Macon’s Bill #2 Purpose: to entice Britain or France to repeal shipping restrictions U.S. would maintain its embargo against the nation that didn't sign on Leads to US embargo against Britain, helps fuel the War of 1812

Why war with Britain and Not France? 1. War Hawks pushed Madison toward war 2. Traditional Republican (Jeffersonian) partiality toward France 3. Visibility of British impressments and arming of Amerindians. 4. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 5. Lure of conquering British Canada: timber, fishing, fur trade.

Chapter 12 Review

War of 1812 Military Highlights Battle of Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison defeats Native Americans Battle of New Orleans: 2 weeks AFTER Treaty of Ghent, Andrew Jackson defeats British HUGE INCREASE IN NATIONALISM Treaty of Ghent: (HENRY CLAY!!!!) Ended war: armistice, no gains or losses

Hartford Convention Purpose: Discuss their complaints and seek compensation for losses during the war. Some delegates urged secession Proposed amendment to Constitution: 2/3 of Congress must agree for embargo, new states to be admitted, or war to be declared This was the deathblow for the Federalist Party Most of America experienced a sense of NATIONALLSIM!!!

“The American System” B ank of US (2nd) I nternal Improvements Tariff of 1816: first tariff in American history instituted to protect industries, not raise revenue Henry Clay’s (Speaker of the House) American System (Know all 3 parts!!!) Strong Banking system (provide credit) Bank of the US Protective tariff which would help industries Network of roads and canals, esp. in Ohio, valley that would help link the country together B ank of US (2nd) I nternal Improvements T arrifs (1816 – 1st Protective Tariff)

“Era of Good Feelings” James Monroe’s Presidency Coined by Boston newspaper, death of the Federalist party Some issues including; slavery, panic of 1819 Causes of Panic of 1819: Immediate cause: Overspeculation on frontier lands by banks (especially BUS)

The Uneasy MO Compromise ME = Free, MO = Slave Balance between free and slave states at 12 36˚30’: everything above would prohibit slavery Most of US above that line Helps contribute to sectional differences MO Compromise lasted for 34 years

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism ***John Marshall increased the power of the federal government*** McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) MD tried to tax a branch of the BUS; Marshall does not allow it Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Supreme Court is allowed to review decisions of state courts. Again, federal government more powerful than states

More court cases (KNOW THEM!!) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) NY grants monopoly to boat company on Hudson (involving trade between NY and NJ) Marshall says NO! Congress has sole control over interstate trade Fletcher v. Peck (1810) States cannot “impair” contracts Supreme Court can invalidate state laws conflicting with Constitution

One more case Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Issue over NH trying to change charter of college Marshall says the charter was a contract and “the Constitution protected contracts against state encroachments” Marshall helped fuel NATIONALISM!!!!

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Treaty of 1818: Set the northern limits of Louisiana purchase at 49th parallel Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 Spanish ceded Florida, US gives up claims to TX

Monroe and His Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823) US warns all of Europe to Not colonize Latin America Not intervene in Latin America In return, US would stay out of European affairs Reinforces nationalism Europe is angry, L.A. indifferent Doctrine has more of an impact in later years