Digestive System

Combining Forms Amyl/o: starch An/o: anus Bil/i: bile Cholangi/o: bile vessel Chol/e: bile, gall Cholecyst/o: gallbladder Choledoch/o: bile duct Cirrh/o: yellow, orange Colon/o: colon Dips/o: thirst

Combining forms Duoden/o: duodenum Esophag/o: esophagus Fruct/o: fruit Gingiv/o: gums Gloss/o, lingu/o: tongue Jejun/o: jejunum ile/o: ileum Lact/o: milk Pancreat/o: pancreas Pex/o: surgical fixation

Combining forms Prote/o: protein Proct/o: anus, rectum Ptyl/o: saliva Pylor/o: pylorus Rect/o: rectum Sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon Stomat/o: mouth Sial/o: salivary gland, saliva Top/o: position Volv/o: to roll

Suffixes and Prefixes -ase: enzyme -chexia: defecation -orexia: appetite -ose: sugar -pepsia: digestion -pexy: surgical fixation -phagia: eating, swallowing -prandial: meal -stalsis: contraction

Overview Gastroenterology: deals with disorders of the digestive system and accessory organs Parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder and pancreas Functions: to break down food into its nutrient components To absorb nutrients and water To eliminate solid wastes

Diseases and Conditions Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix caused by a blockage Ascites: the buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure or kidney failure Borborygmus: a rumbling sound heard in the large intestine caused by gas movement Cirrhosis: chronic liver disease where liver cells are destroyed Diverticular disease: bulging pouches throughout the colon that bleed

Diseases and Conditions Dysentery: enteritis caused by chemical irritants, bacteria or parasites Symptoms: diarrhea, colitis and abdominal cramping Fistula: an abnormal tunnel connecting 2 body cavities Examples: rectovaginal, rectum to outside of body Gastroesophageal reflux disease: (GERD) the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus because of a malfunctioning esophageal sphincter

Diseases and Conditions Hematochezia: the passage of bright red, bloody stools caused by Hemorrhoid: a mass of enlarged varicose veins in the mucous membrane of the rectum “piles” Hernia: a protrusion of part of an organ through the wall of a cavity

Diseases and Conditions Jaundice: yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by excessive bilirubin “hyperbilirubinemia” Obesity: body weight exceeds the range of healthy; BMI greater than 25 Morbid obesity: severe obesity with a BMI of 40 or greater (100 lbs over ideal body weight) Ulcer: an open sore that results from lesions of the skin or mucous membranes Volvulus: twisting of the bowel causing obstructions

Diseases and Conditions Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines Crohn disease: chronic IBD that can affect any portion of the GI tract “regional colitis” Ulcerative colitis: chronic IBD with ulcers and constant, painful, bloody diarrhea Irritable bowel syndrome: (IBS) common IBD with constipation, diarrhea, gas and bloating “spastic colon”

Diagnostic Procedures Barium enema: (BE) colorectal radiography after introduction of a tracer Barium swallow: radiography of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine after oral administration of a tracer “upper GI series” Cholangiography: radiographic examination of the bile ducts to reveal gallstones

Diagnostic Procedures Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: visual examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using an endoscope “upper GI endoscopy” Stool guaiac: test on feces using guaiac gum to detect blood in the stool “hemoccult”

Medical and Surgical Procedures Bariatric surgery: a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity Vertical banded gastroplasty: the upper stomach is stapled vertically to reduce its size and delays food leaving the stomach Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB): the stomach is stapled, the jejunum is shortened and the duodenum is shaped into a Y reducing calories and fat absorbed Colonostomy: excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the healthy colon into the abdominal wall using a colostomy bag

Medical and Surgical Procedures Lithotripsy: elimination of gallstones or kidney stones using surgical crushing Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: using ultrasonic shockwaves to break up a stone Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a plastic tube through the nostrils into the stomach for stomach pumping or to deliver food or medication Polypectomy: excision of a small, tumor-like growth on a mucous membrane

Pharmacology Antacids: neutralize acids in the stomach Antidiarrheals: control loose stools by absorbing excess water in the lower GI tract Antiemetics: control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the brain Laxatives: relieve constipation by facilitating passage of feces

Abbreviations BE: barium enema Dx: diagnosis EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ESWL: extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy FBS: fasting blood sugar

Abbreviations GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease GI: gastrointestinal IBD: inflammatory bowel disease IBS: irritable bowel syndrome RBG: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass UGI: upper gastrointestinal