Organic Chemistry

Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks (it will run out) Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

Why is it so important to us?

Crude oil is a mixture of different compounds called hydrocarbons Crude oil is a mixture of different compounds called hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes.

General formula Complete questions 1-4

Different hydrocarbons have different physical properties depending on the length of the chain Short chain Long chain Boiling point Low High Viscosity (how thick it is) Low (so very runny) High (so very thick) Flammability (how easy it is to set on fire)

Complete questions 5-10

Boiling points and separation

Complete question 11-26

Fractional distillation

Heated up so all different alkanes turn into a gas Cool at the top Molecules rise up and cool down Condense into a liquid at their boiling point Heated up so all different alkanes turn into a gas Crude oil Hot at the bottom

A mixture of: A = boiling point of -42°C B = boiling point of 125°C C = boiling point of 380°C 50°C Cool at the top 125°C 350°C Hot at the bottom

Combustion

Combustion reactions are when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen Complete combustion always produces carbon dioxide and water The reaction releases energy which can be used

E.g. complete combustion of methane Word equation Symbol equation Note that carbon and hydrogen have been oxidised (had oxygen added to them)

Incomplete combustion Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide (which is a toxic gas) Methane and ethane example

Cracking There are long hydrocarbons and short ones The shorter ones are more useful Used as fuels and to help make polymers and other useful chemicals Cracking turns the long ones into shorter ones One way is to pass over a hot catalyst Another way is to mix with steam and heat to a high temperature Produce shorter alkanes and alkenes Alkenes are useful substances that are more reactive than alkanes

Demo

Balancing equations showing cracking C10H22  C5H12 + C3H6 + C2H4 C10H22  C4H8 + C3H6

Test for unsaturation Answer questions 37-46

Further organic (triple only)

Alkenes Triple only Double bond Unsaturation First four

Questions 1 - 3 Start reading page 158-159

Reactions of alkenes Combustion Same as alkanes but more often incomplete combustion Smoky flame Less energy

Questions 4-6 Read page 158-159

Reactions Additions with halogen Addition with hydrogen Addition with water (steam) Forms the di-haloalkane Forms an alkane. Nickel catalyst at 60 degrees Reversible reaction to form an alcohol

Alcohols Structure Functional group Homologous series Combustion Q9-14 Start reading page 162-163

Alcohols with sodium Sodium + ethanol  sodium ethoxide + hydrogen 2Na + 2C2H5OH  2C2H5ONa + H2 Questions 15-19

Alcohols in water Smaller alcohols dissolve readily in water Can be used as solvents

Alcohol with oxidising agent Turn into carboxylic acids Can occur naturally in the air Can be done in the lab

Alcohol formation Alkene with steam Fermentation of sugar

Carboxylic acids Formation from alcohols Reaction with carbonates Notation for oxidising agent Reaction with carbonates Q20-27

Esters Formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid Sweet smelling, used in flavourings Only need to know ethyl ethanoate Q28-35