Ethnic Diversity and Conflict Ch 7 KI 3 & 4

Ethnicity, Race, and Nationality Race is… identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Ethnicity is… identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Nationality is… a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there or naturalized.

Nationalities in The British Isles Ethnicities English Welsh Scot Irish Nationalities The United Kingdom British The Republic of Ireland Could you be a Welsh British guy? Could you be an Irish British guy? Rory McIlroy (An Irish Brit, who may not like it)

Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia Afghanistan Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara. Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban gained control over most of the country in 1995 and proceeded to rule with policies based on Islamic fundamentalism. Iraq ¾ of Iraqis are Arab Muslims. 2/3 Shiite 1/3 Sunni 1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds. Iran Most numerous ethnicity is Persian. Adheres to Shiite Islam

Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Ethnic competition stems from diverse ethnicity in a single Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians. Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs. Diversity in Lebanon at the surface appears to be more religious than ethnic.

Ethnic Diversity in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is inhabited by three principal ethnicities. Sinhalese (74 percent) Migrated from northern India in fifth century B.C. Converted to Buddhism Tamil (16 percent) Migrated from India in third century B.C. Practice Hinduism Moors (10 percent) Ethnic Arabs Migrated from southwest Asia in eighth century A.D. Practice Islam

The 1948 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide defined genocide as Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

What constitutes “Intent to Destroy” (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article II

The Stages In 1996 Gregory Stanton, the president of Genocide Watch, presented a briefing paper called "The 8 Stages of Genocide" at the United States Department of State. In it he suggested that genocide develops in eight stages that are "predictable but not inexorable". The Stanton paper was presented at the State Department, shortly after the Rwanda genocide and much of the analysis is based on why that genocide occurred.

1. Classification All cultures put people into categories creating “us and them” by ethnicity, race, religion, nationality, class, and more. German vs. Jew. Hutu vs. Tutsi. Heterosexual vs. Homosexual. Colored vs. White. The main prevention measure is to teach tolerance and understanding and to promote classifications that transcend the divisions, such as common language, religion or national identity. Also address the inequalities that build resentment, such as poverty.

2. Symbolization We give names or symbols to the classifications. We name people or distinguish them by dress. Symbols may be forced on unwilling members of the hated group. The Nazis made Jews wear yellow stars. To stop symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden (such as swastikas). Denial of symbolization can be powerful, as it was in Bulgaria, when many non-Jews chose to wear the yellow star, depriving it of its significance as a Nazi symbol for Jews.

3. Dehumanization One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases. Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder.

4. Organization Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, though sometimes informally or by terrorist groups. Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. Plans are made for genocidal killings. Sometimes a charismatic leader with a solution for improving a nation in crisis rises up, like Hitler or Pol Pot.

5. Polarization Extremists drive groups apart. Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda and may target moderates. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction.

6. Preparation Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity. Death lists are drawn up. Victims are often segregated into ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region. At this stage, a Genocide Alert must be called. With the support of the UN Security Council, armed intervention should be prepared, or heavy assistance to the victim group in preparing for its self defense.

7. Extermination Extermination begins, and quickly becomes the mass killing legally called “genocide.” It is “extermination” to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human. At this stage, only rapid and overwhelming armed intervention can stop genocide. Safe areas or refugee escape corridors should be established with heavily armed international protection.

8. Denial Denial always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims. The best response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national court. There the evidence can be heard and the perpetrators punished.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE ONE - CLASSIFICATION The distinction between us and them. The 'muggles' (non-magical folk) are separated from the wizards, its an 'us and them' situation. This can further be broken down in to the 'pure bloods' (those who descend from a long lived wizarding family) 'half bloods, (those who had one parent who was a wizard and one a muggle) and 'mud blood' (horrible word for those whose parents are both muggles)

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE TWO - SYMBOLISATION Giving names and symbols to the classifications. In this case the 'bad' group are called the 'Death Eaters' and are distinguished by a tattoo found on the inside of their arm. The names part was classified in the first stage.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE THREE - DEHUMANIZATION One group denies the humanity of another group. In this case it was the death eaters denying that all wizards that are not of pure blood decent were worthless.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE FOUR - ORGANISATION The death eaters were lead by a evil wizard called Voldermort (or He Who Must Not Be Named). They started as a small group and recruited more and more people and magical creatures, eventually they over throw the ministry of magic, taking control of the government and the country.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE FIVE -POLARIZATION Extremists drive the groups apart. The death eaters take over the country, forcing the members of The order of the Phoenix and other wizards of human decent into hiding, if they are found they will be tortured and killed.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE SIX - PREPARATION The death eaters start to attack and identify all members of the community who are not of 'pure blood', or who are 'blood traitors' (those who chose to help the general wizarding community, but are of pure blood) Lists are made of who should live, and if your name isn't on the list, you are to be killed on sight, or taken in as a hostage.

Harry Potter as an example… STAGE SEVEN - EXTERMINATION Mass murders start to take place. Many wizards are murdered. (including some main characters!) A safe haven is set up in Hogworts (the wizard school) Eventually The Order of the Phoenix recruits enough members to take on the Death eaters and there is an epic battle (between good and evil

Ethno-Religious Conflict

Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Motivation is not to simply defeat an enemy or to subjugate them, instead it is to remove each member of the less powerful ethnicity, including men, women, children, and the elderly. Ex: Forced migration associated with WWII that included the deportation of millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps where most were exterminated

Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans In recent years, ethnic cleansing has occurred in portions of former Yugoslavia. Bosnia Serbs and Croats fought to not be part of a multiethnic state with a Muslim plurality. Motivated to perform ethnic cleansing on Bosnian Muslims to reduce their numbers and to offer an ethnically homogenous group of people to be better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia. Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims created one continuous area of Bosnia Serb domination rather than several discontinuous ones.

Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans Balkanized was a term widely used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states, because it was inhabited by multiple, longstanding ethnicities with animosity towards each other. Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because ethnic cleansing “worked” tragically.

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sub-Saharan Africa Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence. Ex. Darfur Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003 because of discrimination experienced. Sudanese government, with help of marauding Arab nomads, crushed the rebellion. 480,000 have been killed. 2.8 million live in refugee camps in harsh conditions. Many countries have termed the actions of the Sudanese government as genocide.

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa Rwanda Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in 1994. Congo Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries. Laurent Kabila, president succeeding Mobutu, permitted Tutsis to kill some of the Hutu residents.

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa largely because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups. During nineteenth and twentieth centuries, European countries carved up the continent in to a collection of colonies, with little regard for the distribution of ethnicities. When colonies became states, some tribes were divided among more than one modern state, and others were grouped with dissimilar tribes. A recipe for conflict