CELLULAR TRANSPORT 1. Osmosis = Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. (Osmosis only refers to the movement of water)

Membrane High water concentration Low water concentration Water Water & High Sugar Water & Low Sugar Water

Water will diffuse from an area of high concentration to low until concentration is equal. Water & sugar Water & sugar

Concentration Outside Response of Cell Concentration Inside Concentration Outside Response of Cell Water Dissolved Substance Water Dissolved Isotonic Equal Normal Shape Hypotonic Low High Cell swells, may burst Hypertonic Cells shrink. Plant wilts

2. Isotonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same inside and outside of the cell. The cell does not change shape

3. Hypotonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than it is inside the cell. The cell will swell.

4. Hypertonic Solution – the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than it is inside the cell. The cell will shrink.

Which conditions shown might cause a cell to burst?

2 TYPES OF TRANSPORT

5. Passive Transport = Diffusion without energy 6. Facilitated Diffusion – molecules are transported by a transport protein. Ex: Transport of sugars and amino acids * Occurs only if there is a difference in concentrations (concentration gradient)

7. Active Transport = Movement that requires energy

Enables materials to move against a concentration gradient.

Membrane pumps – pumps ions such as calcium, potassium, sodium

Bulk Transport – process where large molecules, food, and other substances are packaged and moved across the membrane. Ex: Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Pinocytosis, & Phagocytosis

8. Endocytosis – membrane surrounds substance and takes it in. Phagocytosis – takes in large solid substance Pinocytosis – takes in small dissolved substances

9. Exocytosis – Expels a substance from the cell

What cell process is responsible for the effect shown. a. active transport c. facilitated diffusion b. passive transport d. osmosis

CELL GROWTH Organisms grow by producing more cells Limits to cell growth Cell volume to cell surface area ratio. Cell must have enough surface area for substances to enter and leave the cell. * A small cell has a relatively large surface area

DNA limits cell size. Because: a. DNA doesn’t grow b. DNA needs to produce enough RNA for protein production

DNA is the genetic material that is contained in chromosomes. 10. Chromosomes – contain genetic material. Located in the cell's nucleus.

11. Chromatin – form of chromosomes that is stringy, long strands of DNA

CELL DIVISION = Cell divides into 2 daughter cells CONTROLS ON CELL GROWTH = Cells grow until they touch other cells Cancer = uncontrolled cell growth. Exhausts nutrient supplies

Which of the cells depicted in the line graph are most likely cancerous?

Cycle of Cell Growth and Division 12. The Cell Cycle – Cycle of Cell Growth and Division (cell reproduction)

13. Interphase – period between cell division (Intermission) No mitosis occurring DNA is replicated (copied) Proteins are made Chromosomes are not visible, appears as a mass of chromatin

INTERPHASE Centrioles Nucleolus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin Nuclear membrane

INTERPHASE Centrioles Nucleolus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin Nuclear membrane

14. MITOSIS Mitosis – process where the nucleus of the cell divides. Cell division of body cells.

15. Prophase – the first phase of mitosis Beginning of mitosis Chromosomes are visible (shorten & thicken) Nuclear membrane dissolves Centrioles move apart and form poles of nucleus Nucleolus disappears Spindles form as tiny fibers between the poles

PROPHASE Centrioles cell membrane spindle fibers nuclear membrane chromosomes

Chromosomes – made of chromatin . A material made of DNA & proteins. Sister chromatids centromere Chromosomes carry genetic material

18. Centrioles (asters)– play a role in chromatid separation. 19. Spindle-thin fiber that helps with the separation of sister chromatids

20. Metaphase- the second phase of mitosis Chromosomes line up in the center (they meet in the middle=meet-a-phase) Separate spindle fibers become attached to the centromeres of each chromosome Shortest phase

METAPHASE Centriole Spindle fiber

21. Anaphase- the third phase of mitosis Centromeres that join chromatids split Individual chromosome move toward poles (centrioles) (the chromosomes move apart = anaphase) Anaphase ends when chromosome movement stops

ANAPHASE chromosomes

22. Telophase- the fourth phase of mitosis Final phase of mitosis Nucleolus reappears Nuclear membrane reforms Spindles break apart Chromosomes lose distinct form and appear as mass of chromatin

TELOPHASE Cleavage Furrow Nuclear membrane reforms

23. Cytokinesis = Division of cytoplasm. Cytokinesis – process where the cytoplasm divides In animal cells, cell membrane pinches together & 2 daughter cells formed

In plants cells, the cell plate begins to appear & 2 daughter cells formed

http://cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm Cell Mitosis

Results of Mitosis Produces 2 cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell * in single celled organisms, mitosis produces more organisms *in multi-celled organisms, mitosis produces groups of cells

24.Tissues – groups of cells that work together for a specific function. Ex: muscle tissue 25.Organs – groups of tissues that work together for a specific function Ex: stomach 26.Organ System- group of organs that work together for a specific function Ex: Digestive system

Control of the Cell Cycle Enzymes (special proteins) control the cell cycle, from phase to phase 27. Cancer – occurs when control is lost - uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) - a change in the gene that controls that enzyme production

Tumor – Mass of tissue caused by cancerous cells 28.Gene – segment of DNA that makes proteins Tumor – Mass of tissue caused by cancerous cells Metastasis – cancer cells spread through body in the blood

Cancer – 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S. Most common cancers: breast, colon, prostate, lung

Ex: Cigarettes, Pollution, Uv Radiation, *Causes of Cancer Genetic Factors & Environmental Factors that can change genes Ex: Cigarettes, Pollution, Uv Radiation, & Viral Infections

Prevention – Diet (low fat / high fiber) - Avoid Smoking - Increase Exercise - Take vitamins & mineral supplements

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